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Marketing市场营销•Marketingmarketingmix(营销组合)•ThetermwascoinedbyNeilH.BordeninhisarticleTheConceptoftheMarketingMixin1965Marketingmix营销组合FourPsOfMarketingMixWhatisaProduct?DecidingwhatproductsorservicestosellinthefirstmarketWhatistheprices?•Settingpricesthatareattractivetoparticulargroupsofcustomersandthatareprofitableforthecompany.DecidingapriceisthetoughestIssueforacompany!Thiscartoonmakesfunofwhatisactuallyaveryseriousbusiness-knowingwhatyourcompetitorischargingandunderstandinghowtopricewithrespecttothatisoneofthetoughestdecisionsmadeinMarketing.Whatisplace?•Findsuitabledistributionchannel(分配渠道)toreachthesecustomergroups•So•Whatisdistributionchannel?•awayofsellingacompany'sproducteitherdirectlyorviadistributorsThefunctionofdistributionchannel•Themainfunctionofadistributionchannelistoprovidealinkbetweenproductionandconsumption.Itincludes•InformationPromotionContactMatching•NegotiationPhysicalDistributionfinancingRiskTaking•(transportingandstoring)Whatispromotion?•Alltheactivitiesusedtosupporttheproduct-everythingfromsalesinformationtoafter-saleservice.thewaytopromoteisIn1885,ThomasSmithwroteabouthowadvertisingaffectsapotentialcustomer•Thefirsttimeamanlooksatanadvertisement,hedoesnotseeit.Thesecondtimehedoesnotnoticeit.Thethirdtimeheisconsciousofitsexistence.Thefourthtimehefaintlyremembershavingseenitbefore.Thefifthtimehereadsit.Thesixthtimeheturnsuphisnoseatit.Theseventhtimehereadsitthroughandsays,Ohbrother.Theeighthtimehesays,Here'sthatconfoundedthingagain.Theninthtimehewondersifitamountstoanything.Thetenthtimehethinkshewillaskhisneighborifhehastriedit.Theeleventhtimehewondershowtheadvertisermakesitpay.Thetwelfthtimehethinksperhapsitmaybeworthsomething.Thethirteenthtimehethinksitmustbeagoodthing.Thefourteenthtimeheremembershehaswanteditforalongtime.Thefifteenthtimeheistantalizedbecausehecannotaffordtobuyit.Thesixteenthtimehethinkshewillbuyitsomeday.Theseventeenthtimehemakesamemorandumofit.Theeighteenthtimeheswearsathispoverty.The19thtimehecountshismoneycarefully.Thetwentiethtimeheseesithebuysit,orinstructshiswifetodoso.InadditionSalesmanisAnotherkeytoasuccessfulpromotionWhatcharactersshouldsalesmenhave?Thewaystosell•ConsumerPromotionToolssamples,coupons,cashrefunds,pricepacks,premiums,advertisingspecialties,patronagerewards,point-of-purchase,contests,sweepstakes,gamesObjective:increaseshort-termsalesorhelpbuildlong-termmarketshare•TradePromotionToolsDiscounts,buyingallowances,merchandiseallowances,freegoods,pushmoney,specialtyaditems,cooperativeadvertising,dealersalescontestsObjective:persuadechannelmemberstocarryabrand,giveitshelfspace,promoteabrandintheiradvertising,ortopushabrandtoconsumersBusinessPromotionToolsConventions,tradeshows,salescontests,bonusesObjective:generatebusinessleads,stimulatepurchase,rewardcustomers,motivatesalespeopleListenanddecidewhichofthefourPseachspeakerisdiscussing:•7.1.wav.•Key:place;promotion;price;product4Pscanbesummarizedas4Ps营销理论(TheMarketingTheoryof4Ps)•4P营销理论产生于20世纪60年代的美国,随着营销组合理论的提出而出现的。1953年,尼尔·博登(NeilBorden)在美国市场营销学会的就职演说中创造了“市场营销组合”(Marketingmix)这一术语,其意是指市场需求或多或少的在某种程度上受到所谓“营销变量”或“营销要素”的影响。为了寻求一定的市场反应,企业要对这些要素进行有效的组合,从而满足市场需求,获得最大利润。营销组合实际上有几十个要素(博登提出的市场营销组合原本就包括12个要素),杰罗姆·麦卡锡(McCarthy)于1960年在其《基础营销》(BasicMarketing)一书中将这些要素一般地概括为4类:Product(产品)、Price(价格)、Place(渠道)、Promotion(促销),即著名的4Ps。1967年,菲利普·科特勒在其畅销书《营销管理:分析、规划与控制》第一版进一步确认了以4Ps为核心的营销组合方法。•Product(产品):注重开发的功能,要求产品有独特的卖点,把产品的功能诉求放在第一位。•Price(价格):根据不同的市场定位,制定不同的价格策略,产品的定价依据是企业的品牌战略,注重品牌的含金量。•Place(渠道):企业并不直接面对消费者,而是注重经销商的培育和销售网络的建立,企业与消费者的联系是通过分销商来进行的。•Promotion(促销):企业注重销售行为的改变来刺激消费者,以短期的行为(如让利,买一送一,营销现场气氛等等)促成消费的增长,吸引其他品牌的消费者或导致提前消费来促进销售的增长。The4C'sAnotherwaytolookatthe4P'sisasfourC'sThepointofViewofcustomersTherelationbetween4Ps&4Cs4Cs营销理论(TheMarketingTheoryof4Cs)随着市场竞争日趋激烈,媒介传播速度越来越快,4Ps理论越来越受到挑战。1990年,美国学者罗伯特·劳朋特(RobertLauterborn)教授提出了与传统营销的4P相对应的4Cs营销理论。4C分别指代Customer(顾客)、Cost(成本)、Convenience(便利)和Communication(沟通)。•Customer(顾客):主要指顾客的需求。企业必须首先了解和研究顾客,根据顾客的需求来提供产品。同时,企业提供的不仅仅是产品和服务,更重要的是由此产生的客户价值(CustomerValue)。•Cost(成本):不单是企业的生产成本,或者说4P中的Price(价格),它还包括顾客的购买成本,同时也意味着产品定价的理想情况,应该是既低于顾客的心理价格,亦能够让企业有所盈利。此外,这中间的顾客购买成本不仅包括其货币支出,还包括其为此耗费的时间,体力和精力消耗,以及购买风险。•Convenience(便利),即所谓为顾客提供最大的购物和使用便利。4Cs营销理论强调企业在制订分销策略时,要更多的考虑顾客的方便,而不是企业自己方便。要通过好的售前、售中和售后服务来让顾客在购物的同时,也享受到了便利。便利是客户价值不可或缺的一部分。•Communication(沟通):则被用以取代4P中对应的Promotion(促销)。4Cs营销理论认为,企业应通过同顾客进行积极有效的双向沟通,建立基于共同利益的新型企业/顾客关系。这不再是企业单向的促销和劝导顾客,而是在双方的沟通中找到能同时实现各自目标的通途。•↑TopExerciseone---review4Ps•Startingup•A&BSohowtomakeasuccessfulmarketing?•Firstly,knowsomenewwordsvocabulary•Marketresearch:informationaboutwhatcustomerswantandneed•Marketsegment:agroupofcustomerswantandneed•Marketshare:thepercentageofsalesacompanyhas•Consumerbehavior:whereandhowpeoplebuythings•Consumerprofile:adescriptionofatypicalcustomer•Consumergoods:thingspeoplebuyfortheirownuse•Productlaunch产品发布:introductionofaproducttothemarket•Productlifecycle:lengthiftimepeoplecontinuetobuya产品生命周期product•Productrange:setofproductsmadebyacompany•Salesforecast:howmuchacompanythinksitwillsellinaperiod•Salesfigures:howmu
本文标题:Marketing
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