62中国传媒大学考博英语模拟测试及其解析

ⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,C,orDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Socialchangeismorelikelytooccurinsocietieswherethereisamixtureofdifferentkindsofpeoplethaninsocietieswherepeoplearesimilarinmanyways.Thesimplereason1thisisthattherearemoredifferentwaysoflookingatthings2inthefirstkindofsociety.Therearemoreideas,moredisagreements3interest,andmoregroupsandorganizationswithdifferentbeliefs.4,thereisusuallyagreaterworldlyinterestandgreater5inmixedsocieties.Allthesefactorstendto6socialchangebyopeningmoreareasoflifeto7.Inasimple-racialsociety,therearefewer8forpeopletoseetheneedortheopportunity9changebecauseeverythingseemstobethesame.And10conditionsmaynotbesatisfactory,theyareatleastcustomaryand11.Socialchangeisalsolikelytooccurmore12andreadilyinthematerialaspectsofthe13thaninthenon-material,forexample,intechnologyratherthanin14;inthelessbasicandemotionalaspectsofsocietythanintheir15;informratherthanin16;andinelementsthatareacceptabletothecultureratherthanin17elements.Gengduoyuanxiaowanzhengkaoboyingyuzhentijiqijiexiqinglianxiquanguomianfeizixundianhua:silinglingliuliubaliujiuqiba,huojiazixunqq:qiqierliuqibawusanqi.[A]of[B]for[C]why[D]how2.[A]present[B]current[C]elapsed[D]emerged3.[A]to[B]on[C]in[D]with4.[A]Incontrast[B]Inbrief[C]Inreality[D]Inaddition5.[A]variety[B]capacity[C]tolerance[D]endurance6.[A]detain[B]promote[C]enforce[D]hamper7.[A]decision[B]reflection[C]meditation[D]contemplation8.[A]conversions[B]premises[C]occasions[D]motives9.[A]in[B]to[C]at[D]for10.[A]as[B]if[C]when[D]though11.[A]undisturbed[B]undisputed[C]undisguised[D]unchanged12.[A]frequently[B]radically[C]routinely[D]sensibly13.[A]community[B]authenticity[C]culture[D]structure14.[A]features[B]values[C]notions[D]qualities15.[A]techniques[B]components[C]opponents[D]opposites16.[A]substance[B]consequence[C]competence[D]significance17.[A]distinct[B]obsolete[C]strange[D]ordinary18.[A]rational[B]gradua[C]irresistible[D]indispensable[A]flow[B]trend[C]array[D]scale20.[A]counterparts[B]inhabitants[C]colleagues[D]contemporariesSectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Inordertounderstandchildhoodtoday,onemustexploreitshistory,anoddnotioninmanywhoinstinctivelyassumethatchildhoodasweknowithasalwaysexisted.InTheDisappearanceofChildhood,socialcriticNellPostmanconstructsasocio-historicalcontextbywhichtoviewchildhood.Hebeginshisanalysisbydifferentiatingthebiologicalbasisforthenotionofchildhoodfromthesociological.Itisclear,heargues,thatwecancategorizeas“children”thosemembersofsocietybelowacertainageorlevelofphysicalmaturity.Butwhatisnotsoobviousisthenotionthatchildhoodcanalsobedefinedasastateoflifeinwhichthesocialdevelopmentandintellectualawarenessofsociety’syoungismarkedlydifferentfromthatoftherestofthecommunity.Basedonthisperspective,Postmanarguesthatchildhoodcanbeviewedasasocialconstruction,onethatfindsfavorandprominenceinsomeculturesandtimeperiods,butnotinothers.Inhisanalysis,Postmanconcludesthattoday,childhood“openbook”,sotospeak,accessiblenotjusttoadultsbuttotheyouthofsocietyaswell.Theinventionoftheprintingpressinthefifteenthcentury,Postmanargues,madepossibleanewsymbolicworldaccessibleonlytoadults.Effectivelyexcludedfromadultmattersbytheirinabilitytoread,childrenformedanewspherealltheirownasanewandstrenuouseducationalprocessseparatedthepreliterateworldofthechildfromtheliterateworldoftheadult.Accordingtothisnewstratification(division),distinctchildhoodcustomsononehandandrealmsofexperienceandknowledgeaccessibleonlytoadultsontheothercameintobeing.Postmanassertsthatthisseparationexisteduntilroughlythemiddleofthetwentiethcentury,whentelevisionbeganitsassaultonliterarycultureand,throughubiquitous(omnipresent)entertainmentandnewsprograms,startedtobringtheentirepopulationbackintothesamesymbolicdomain.PostmancontendsthatmuchlikeintheMiddleAges,childrentodayarebecoming“miniadults”intermsofdress,speech,food,activities,andgeneralknowledgeoftheworld.Moreover,thisisnotaone-0wayprocess,but(junction)wherebythechildbecomesmoreadult-likeandtheadultbecomesmorechild-like.Postmandoesnotshyawayfromamajorimplicationofhistheory:thatthedisappearanceofthechildsigni