英文版 电子商务课件(部分) 压缩05

Chapter5Business-to-BusinessStrategies:FromElectronicDataInterchangetoElectronicCommerceElectronicCommerce,SeventhAnnualEditionElectronicCommerce,SeventhAnnualEdition2ObjectivesInthischapter,youwilllearnabout:•Strategiesthatbusinessesusetoimprovepurchasing,logistics,andothersupportactivities•Electronicdatainterchangeandhowitworks•Howbusinesseshavemovedsomeoftheirelectronicdatainterchange(EDI)operationstotheInternet•SupplychainmanagementandhowbusinessesareusingInternettechnologiestoimproveit•Electronicmarketplacesandportalsthatmakepurchase-salenegotiationseasierandmoreefficientElectronicCommerce,SeventhAnnualEdition35.1Purchasing,Logistics,andSupportActivitiesElectronicCommerce,SeventhAnnualEdition45.1Purchasing,Logistics,andSupportActivities•Thepotentialforcostreductionsandbusinessprocessimprovementsinpurchasing,logistics,andsupportactivitiesistremendous.P219•AsInternettechnologiesbecomecommonplaceinbusinesses,thepotentialforsynergies(协同)increases.P220•Anemergingnecessarycharacteristicofpurchasing,logistics,andsupportactivitiesisflexibility.•Economicorganizationsareevolvingfromthehierarchicalstructuresusedsincetheindustrialrevolutiontonew,moreflexiblenetworkstructures.ElectronicCommerce,SeventhAnnualEdition55.1.1PurchasingActivities•Purchasingactivities–Includeidentifyingvendors,evaluatingvendors,selectingspecificproducts,placingorders,andresolvinganyissuesthatariseafterreceivingtheorderedgoodsorservices.•Supplychain–Thepartofanindustryvaluechainthatprecedesaparticularstrategicbusinessunit.–Theflowofmaterials,information,money,andservicesfromrawmaterialsuppliersthroughfactoriesandwarehousestotheendcustomers(forunderstanding)–Acompany’ssupplychainforaparticularproductorserviceincludesalltheactivitiesundertakenbyeverypredecessor(前任)inthevaluechaintodesign,produce,promote,market,deliverandsupporteachindividualcomponentofthatproductorservice.ElectronicCommerce,SeventhAnnualEdition6ElectronicCommerce,SeventhAnnualEdition75.1.1PurchasingActivities–Supplychainparts•Upstreamsupplychain–activitiesofamanufacturingcompanywithitssuppliers•Internalsupplychain–in-houseprocessesfortransformingtheinputsfromthesuppliersintotheoutputs•Downstreamsupplychain–activitiesinvolvedindeliveringtheproductstothefinalcustomers–E-supplychain:Asupplychainthatismanagedelectronically,usuallywithWebtechnologiesElectronicCommerce,SeventhAnnualEdition85.1.1PurchasingActivities•Procurement–Thebroaderrangeofresponsibilities–Generallyincludesallpurchasingactivities,plusthemonitoringofallelementsofpurchasetransactions,alsoincludesmanaginganddevelopingrelationshipswithkeysuppliers.–E-procurement•UseofInternettechnologiesinprocurementactivities•Supplymanagement–Termusedtodescribeprocurementactivities•Sourcing(供应)–Thepartofprocurementactivitydevotedtoidentifyingsuppliersanddeterminingtheirqualifications–E-sourcing•UseofInternettechnologiesinsourcingactivitiesElectronicCommerce,SeventhAnnualEdition9ElectronicCommerce,SeventhAnnualEdition105.1.1PurchasingActivities•Thebusinesspurchasingprocessisusuallymuchmorecomplexthanmostconsumerpurchasingprocesses.•Thebusinesspurchasingprocessalsorequiresanumberofpeopletocoordinatetheirindividualactivitiesaspartoftheprocess.•Inlargecompanies,theProcurementDepartmentsupervisesthepurchasingprocess.•Spend–Thetotaldollaramountofthegoodsandservicesthatacompanybuysduringayear–Managingthespendisanimportantfunctionandcanbeakeyelementinacompany’soverallprofitability.ElectronicCommerce,SeventhAnnualEdition115.1.2Directvs.IndirectMaterialsPurchasing•DirectmaterialsP222–Materialsthatbecomepartofthefinishedproductinamanufacturingprocess–Theprocurementprocessfordirectmaterialsisanimportantpartofanymanufacturingbusinessbecausethecostofdirectmaterialsisusuallyaverylargepartofthecostofthefinishedproduct.–Largemanufacturingcompaniesengageintwotypesofdirectmaterialspurchasing:•Replenishmentpurchasing(contractpurchasing)–Thecompanynegotiateslong-termcontractsformostofthematerialsthatitwillneed–Bynegotiatingthecontractsinadvanceandguaranteeingthepurchase,themanufacturerobtainslowpricesandgooddeliveryterms.•Spotpurchasing(现货采购)–BuyinginspotmarketElectronicCommerce,SeventhAnnualEdition125.1.2Directvs.IndirectMaterialsPurchasing•Indirectmaterials–Othermaterialsthatthecompanypurchases,includingfactorysupplies–Mostcompaniesincludethepurchaseofnonmanufacturinggoodsandservices-suchasofficesupplies,computerhardwareandsoftware,andtravelexpenses-intheresponsibilitiesoftheindirectmaterialsProcurementDepartment.–MRO:theindirectmaterialsitemsareoftencalledMaintenance、RepairandOperating(MRO)supplies.–P-cards:onewaytheProcurementDepartmentscontrolMROspendingisbyissuingpurchasingcards(usuallycalledp-cards).–Byusingawebsitetoprocessorders,thevendorsinthismarketcansavethecostsorprintingandshippingcatalogsandhandlingtelephoneorders.ElectronicCommerce,SeventhAnnualEdition135.1.3LogisticsActivities•Theclassicobjectiveoflogisticshasalwaysbeentoprovidetherightgoodsintherightquantitiesintherightplaceattherighttime.•Logisticsmanagementisanimportantsupportacti