The Importance of Energy Storage in Automotive App

TheImportanceofTheImportanceofTheImportanceofTheImportanceofEnergyStorageinEnergyStorageinEnergyStorageinEnergyStorageinAutomotiveApplicationsAutomotiveApplicationsAutomotiveApplicationsAutomotiveApplicationsTedJ.MillerAugust26,2009EnergyStorageasanEnabler•Resultsinimprovedefficiency/reducedconsumptioninallapplications•Createsanalternativebyutilizingexistingbaseinfrastructure•Addressesnon-transportationapplicationsaswell–Stationary•Utility-renewable(green)energystorage•Home-emergencypowerandcostavoidance–Portable(e.g.,cordlesspowertools)•Resultsinimprovedefficiency/reducedconsumptioninallapplications•Createsanalternativebyutilizingexistingbaseinfrastructure•Addressesnon-transportationapplicationsaswell–Stationary•Utility-renewable(green)energystorage•Home-emergencypowerandcostavoidance–Portable(e.g.,cordlesspowertools)KeyAutomotiveRequirements•HEV(40kWbatteryfullhybridsystemexample)–Highspecificpower:2,000W/kg(20kgbattery)–-30Ccrankingcapability:5kW–Extremelyhighshallowcyclelife:500kcycles–Longoperatinglife:15years–Highpower/energyratio:20:1–Cost:goalof$20/kW($800)@100k/year•PHEV(FordEscapePlug-inHybridbatterysystemexample)–Higherenergypowerbattery:10kWh/25mi/140kg/95liters–Requiresfullpoweroverawidetemperaturerange–Bothhighdeep(5,000)andshallow(500k)cycleliferequired–Mustbefullyabusetolerantwhenpackagedinthecrashzone–Power/energyratio:5:1to15:1–Cost:$1,000/kWh($10-15k);goal=$200-300/kWh@100k/year•EV(30kWhelectricvehiclebatterysystemexample)–Highenergydensity:120Wh/kg(30kWh/100mi/250kgbattery)–Highdeepdischargecyclelife:3,000cyclesto80-90%DOD–Power/energyratio:2:1to4:1–Cost:$600/kWh($18k)atvolume;futurehighvolumeprospect=$300/kWh•HEV(40kWbatteryfullhybridsystemexample)–Highspecificpower:2,000W/kg(20kgbattery)–-30Ccrankingcapability:5kW–Extremelyhighshallowcyclelife:500kcycles–Longoperatinglife:15years–Highpower/energyratio:20:1–Cost:goalof$20/kW($800)@100k/year•PHEV(FordEscapePlug-inHybridbatterysystemexample)–Higherenergypowerbattery:10kWh/25mi/140kg/95liters–Requiresfullpoweroverawidetemperaturerange–Bothhighdeep(5,000)andshallow(500k)cycleliferequired–Mustbefullyabusetolerantwhenpackagedinthecrashzone–Power/energyratio:5:1to15:1–Cost:$1,000/kWh($10-15k);goal=$200-300/kWh@100k/year•EV(30kWhelectricvehiclebatterysystemexample)–Highenergydensity:120Wh/kg(30kWh/100mi/250kgbattery)–Highdeepdischargecyclelife:3,000cyclesto80-90%DOD–Power/energyratio:2:1to4:1–Cost:$600/kWh($18k)atvolume;futurehighvolumeprospect=$300/kWhAdvancedAutomotiveBatteries0500100015002000250030003500020406080100120140160SpecificEnergy(Wh/kg)SpecificPower(W/kg)NiMHHighPowerFuelEnergyDensityGasolineGas+NiMHPbABatteryNiMHBatteryLi-IonBatteryGasICEGas+PbAGas+Li-Ion01020304001020304050GravimetricEnergyDensity(MJ/kg)VolumetricEnergyDensity(MJ/l)HEVBatteryTechnologyEscapeBatteryModuleFusionHEVBatteryPackCellCount-17%Weight-23%CellPower+28%EscapeHEVBatteryPackFusionBatteryModuleThePHEVEnabler•Li-IonbatteriesaretheobviousenergystorageoptionforPHEV–50%lessweight(~100-200lbs)–30%lessvolume,butstilltightpackaging–Highdegreeofapplicationcompatibility•WellresolvedSOC•Historicresearchfocusonhighenergy•Reasonablepower-to-energyratiodesignflexibility–Widerrangeofelectrodematerialchoices–Longtermcostpotential•Li-IonbatteriesaretheobviousenergystorageoptionforPHEV–50%lessweight(~100-200lbs)–30%lessvolume,butstilltightpackaging–Highdegreeofapplicationcompatibility•WellresolvedSOC•Historicresearchfocusonhighenergy•Reasonablepower-to-energyratiodesignflexibility–Widerrangeofelectrodematerialchoices–LongtermcostpotentialFordEscapePlug-inHybrid•Advancedlithium-ionbatteryprovides10kW-hrofpower-enoughforupto30milesblendedelectricrange•Fueleconomyupto120milespergallon•Two-thirdsfewertripstothegasstation•120voltcharging•Regenerativebraking•Chargesovernight•InteractivevehiclepowertraindisplayEVBatteryCost•USABClongtermgoalof$100/kWh–40kWhbatterysystemassumed($4k)–$150/kWhcommercializationtarget•Consumersecondarycellcostof$300/kWh•Achievingabatterycostoflessthan$10k–Highvolumecostprospectis$300/kWh–Longtermpotentialto$250/kWh–Resultingenergyis33-40kWh–EVrangeof100-200miles•500milerangewouldrequireatleast100kWh–USABClongtermcostgoalwouldneedtobeachieved–Muchhigherenergydensity(Wh/liter)acriticalmust–Chargerandinfrastructurepowerrequire≥≥≥≥3xupgrade•USABClongtermgoalof$100/kWh–40kWhbatterysystemassumed($4k)–$150/kWhcommercializationtarget•Consumersecondarycellcostof$300/kWh•Achievingabatterycostoflessthan$10k–Highvolumecostprospectis$300/kWh–Longtermpotentialto$250/kWh–Resultingenergyis33-40kWh–EVrangeof100-200miles•500milerangewouldrequireatleast100kWh–USABClongtermcostgoalwouldneedtobeachieved–Muchhigherenergydensity(Wh/liter)acriticalmust–Chargerandinfrastructurepowerrequire≥≥≥≥3xupgradeEVBatteryCharging•NormalCharging–120Vcircuit=1-1.5kW–240Vcircuit=3-5kW•ChargeTime(30kWhbattery)–120V=24hours(opportunityonly)–240V=8-10hours(overnight)•Higherenergybatterymaynotbeviablewithoutcharginginfrastructure•NormalCharging–120Vcircuit=1-1.5kW–240Vcircuit=3-5kW•ChargeTi