Romanticism

EuropeanCulture---AnIntroductionForeignlanguageCollegeZhaoHongchunEuropeanCulture:anIntroduction1GreekcultureandRomanculture1900BC---146BC146BC---1453AD2TheBibleandChristianitythe5thBC---the4thAD3TheMiddleAgesthe5thAD---1500AD4RenaissanceandReformationthe14thAD---themiddle17thReformation---the16thAD5TheSeventeenthCenturyTheMiddleAges---ModernTime6TheAgeofEnlightenmentbeganthesecondhalfof18th7RomanticismThelate18thandearly19th8MarxismandDarwinism1848TheManifestooftheCommunistParty;1859物种起源9Realismthelasthalfof19th---early20th10Modernismandothertrends20th---the1th/2thworldwarsSocialismDivisionSevenRomanticismForeignlanguageCollegeZhaoHongchunContentsI.GeneralIntroductionII.RomanticisminGermanyIII.RomanticisminEnglandIV.RomanticisminFranceV.RomanticisminRussiaVI.ConcludingRemarks---ATrueMovementVII.ArtandArchitectureVIII.MusicI.GeneralIntroduction1.WhatisRomanticism?Romanticismwasamovementinliterature,philosophy,musicandartwhichdevelopedinEuropeinthelate18thandearly19thcenturies.StartingfromtheideasofRousseauinFranceandfromtheStormandStressmovementinGermany,itheldthatclassicism,dominantsincethe16thcentury,failedtoexpressman’semotionalnatureandoverlookedhisprofoundinnerforces.I.GeneralIntroductionRomanticismemphasizedindividualvaluesandaspirationsabovethoseofsociety.Asareactiontotheindustrialrevolution,itlookedtotheMiddleAgesandtodirectcontactwithnatureforinspiration.Itgaveimpetustothenationalliberationmovementin19thcenturyEurope.I.GeneralIntroductionLiteraturetookthefullforceofRomanticism.Itbroughtforthafullfloweringofliterarytalents.Theirworks,diversifiedincharacteranddaringinspirit,alldepictedman’seagersearchforindividualfreedom,puresentimentsandidealbeauty.TheleadingRomanticwriterswereBlake,Wordsworth,Coleridge,Scott,Byron,ShelleyandKeatsinEngland,HugoandSandinFrance,HeineinGer-many,ManzoniandLeopardiinItaly,PushkininRussia,Michie-wiczinPoland.I.GeneralIntroductionRomanticphilosophy,thoughdisorganizedandunderdevelopedasasystem,wasanoverflowofpowerfulideasthatpushedthemovementahead.Itspreaddoubtsabouttherationalandempiricalapproachestotruthandjustice.Itrejectedamechanisticviewoftheuniverseandchallengedthefundamentalthesisofreligion.Theyhelduptheindividualmanofpuresentimentsasawayofpersonalsalvationamidstthevicesofindustrializedsociety.I.GeneralIntroductionArtandArchitectureTheartiststookituponthemselvestochoosenewthemesandinventnewstylesintheirartisticcreation.Abandoningthereligiousandmythologicalmotifs,theyfocusedinsteadonhistoricalandcontemporaryliterarythemesandfigures.Theyalsobegantohighlightnature,presentingitthroughdirectandopen-airvisions.I.GeneralIntroductionMusicintheRomanticperiodechoedevermorecloselythenewideasandthemesinartandliterature.Thereoccurredanonrushofexpressiveprogrammusic,artsongsandoperaswhichallborethecharacteristicoforiginalityanddifference.Theystressedtheroleofhumansentiments,imaginationandloveofnatureandtheydrewextensivelyonfolkmusicintheircompositions.Theyalsobecameconsciousoftheirnationalfeelingsandtriedhardtogivethemafullexpression.2.TwoRevolutionsa.TheFrenchRevolutionAtthesametime,nationalliberationmovementsspread,callingforthnationalliteraturesintheirwake.Itestablishedbourgeoisdemocracywithitsslogansofliberty,equalityanduniversalbrotherhood.Individualismprevailed.Writersandartistssoughttoexpressman’sinnerfeelingsfreely.2.TwoRevolutionsb.TheIndustrialRevolutionItmadepossiblebytechnologicaladvancessuchas,JamesWatt'sinventionofthesteamenginein1764,broughtunforeseenchangestoeachindividualandsocietyasawhole.Man’sthinkingwasfundamentallyaffected.NeweconomicideaswereputforwardbyAdamSmith(1723—1790)inhisbookTheWealthofNations(1776),whichlaidthetheoreticalgroundworkforcapitalism.2.TwoRevolutionsb.TheIndustrialRevolutionCapitalistindustrialization,however,broughtgreatsufferingstothepoor.WritersreactedbywantingtoreturntothesimplerlifeoftheMiddleAgesortryingtofindconsolationinNature,ordoingbothatthesametime.II.RomanticisminGermanyTheStormandStressmovementpreparedthewayforEuropeanRomanticism.1.Goethe歌德(1749—1832)andSchiller席勒(1759—1805)Goethe‘snovel,TheSorrowsofYoungWerther《少年维特之烦恼》(1774),playedanenormousroleinthespreadofRomanticsentimentamongtheyoung.II.RomanticisminGerman维特出生于一个较富裕的中产阶级家庭，受过良好的教育。他能诗善画，热爱自然，多情善感。初春的一天，为了排遣内心的烦恼，他告别了家人与好友，来到一个风景宜人的偏僻山村。这位靠父亲遗产过着自由自在生活的少年，对山村的自然景色和纯朴的生活产生了浓厚的兴趣。山村的一切如天堂般美好，青山幽谷、晨曦暮霭、村童幼女……这些使他感到宛如生活在世外桃源，忘掉了一切烦恼。没过多久，在一次舞会上，维特认识了当地一位法官的女儿绿蒂，便一下子迷上了她。II.RomanticisminGerman虽然绿蒂早已定婚，但对维特非常倾心。从此以后，尽管日月升起又落下，维特却再也分不清白天和黑夜。在他心中只有绿蒂。最终在朋友的劝说下，他下决心离开心爱的绿蒂，离开那曾经给他带来欢乐与幸福的小山村。维特回到城市，在公使馆当了办事员。他尽可能使自己适应这份工作，然而官僚习气十足的上司对他的工作吹毛求疵，处处刁难他，他的同事们也戒备提防，唯恐别人超过自己，这一切都使他产生许多苦恼。圣诞节前的一天，他又来到心上人绿蒂的身边，作最后的诀别。两天后，他留下令人不忍卒读的遗书，午夜时分，他一边默念着“绿蒂！绿蒂！别了啊，别了！”，一边拿起她丈夫的手枪结束了自己的生命，同时也结束了自己的烦恼。AChinesetranslationofitbyGuoMoruoduringtheNewCultureMovementof1919alsomovedmanyyoungChinesetotears,asituationwhichdrewfromthetranslatorthesesentimentallines:青年男子哪个不善钟情？青年女子哪个不善怀春？SchillerstartedoffasaRomantic.InhisfirstplayTheRobbers《强盗》(1781),heexpressedastrongresentmentagainsttherepressivefeudalrule.It