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Unit9Massmediaisadeceptivelysimpletermencompassingacountlessarrayofinstitutionsandindividualsdifferinginpurpose,scope,method,andculturalcontext.Massmediaincludeallformsofinformationcommunicatedtolargegroupsofpeople,fromahandmadesigntoaninternationalnewsnetwork..Beingverypervasiveinindustrializedcountries,theyhaveapowerfulimpactonhowthosepopulationsviewtheworld,Itisonlythemostlocalandpersonaleventsthatareexperiencedfirst-hand,Thoseinthelargercommunity,thestate,thecountry,andtherestoftheworldareexperiencedthroughtheeyesofjournalists“大众传媒”这个词具有迷惑性,它看似简单,实际上包含了不计其数的一系列机构和个体,这些机构和个体有着不同的宗旨、范围、方式和文化背景。大众传媒包括所有达到大量群众的信息,不管是何种形式—从手制的牌匾到国际化的新闻网络。在工业化国家,大众传媒无处不在,它强有力地影响着人们对世界的看法。人们只能亲身经历当地的和个人化的事件,而要了解大一点的社区、州、国家和世界的另一些地方,人们就得通过新闻工作者的眼睛了。HowMassMediaAffectOurPerceptionofReality1.JustbeforeSeptember11th,2001,TheU.S.massmediawerefocusedonsports,thelivesofvariouscelebrities,andaCongressman'srelationshipwithamissingstaffmember.Theneverythingchanged.Askyscrapercomplex,militantgroup,anddistantcountrysuddenlydominatedmassmediaaspeoplesoughttounderstandwhathadoccurred,whattomakeofpassengerplanesturnedintomissiles,andwhototrustforcredibleinformationonterrorism.1.在2001年9月11日之前,美国媒体的主要焦点是体育赛事,名人轶事,以及某个国会议员与一个失踪职员的关系等。然而,911之后一切都发生了改变。一幢摩天大楼,一个武装组织,以及一个遥远的国家突然之间主宰了大众传媒。这是因为美国民众迫切想要弄明白:到底发生了什么事,是什么让载人的客机变成了导弹,谁提供的有关恐怖主义的情报才是真实可信的。2.Thatdramaticshiftinmediaemphasisisanexcellentrecentexampleofhowmassmediahelptoshapeourshiftingconcernsandbeliefs.Whycouldwehavebeensoconcernedaboutcelebritylifestylesoneweekandsounconcernedthenext?Whysuchapriorgeneraldisinterestinanalreadynotoriousterroristgroup,andinfesteringMiddleEastcountriesandcultures?WhythesuddenmediashiftfromaRegularly-Criticized-PresidenttoanEsteemed-Leader-President?2.这次媒体焦点的巨大转变是近期的一个好例子,它展示了大众传媒如何帮助我们形成迅速变化的关注点和信念。为什么我们在这一周里对名人的生活方式如此关注,而到了下一周却又对此变得漠不关心?为什么公众以前对一个早已臭名昭著的恐怖组织、对日益衰败的中东国家和文化都普遍缺乏兴趣?为什么媒体以前对我们的总统总是批评,而突然之间又将其誉为一位令人尊敬的、勇于承担责任的总统?3.Dramaticadvancesinmasscommunicationandtransportationduringthepast50yearshavetrulycreatedaglobalvillage,amasssociety.Thingsoccurringanywherearenowquicklyknowneverywhere.Massmediabothoverwhelmuswithinformation,andhelpustosortitout.3.大众传媒和交通运输在过去50年里迅猛发展,把世界真真切切地变成了一个地球村,一个大众社会。如今,任何地方发生的事件都会迅速地传播到世界的每一个角落。大众传媒不仅用铺天盖地的信息将我们淹没,也帮助我们对这些信息加以分类整理。4.Massmediaseekabroadaudienceforatypicallynarrow(andoftenbiased)messagethat'stypicallyembeddedinentertainmentorusefulinformation/opinion.Massmediacommunicationisexpensive,soit'sfundedthroughparticipantadmissions/subscriptionsandcontributions,orthroughsponsorshipsandadvertising(oracombinationofthesefundingsources).Itthusmustprovidesomethingsufficientlyvaluabletoitspotentialaudiencetogainthatnecessaryfinancialsupport.4.大众传媒为典型的受众面非常狭小的(通常带有偏见)讯息寻求广泛的受众群体,这类讯息通常嵌于娱乐或有用的信息/观点中。大众传媒的成本极其昂贵,所以它通过加盟许可/订阅和捐款来获取资金,或者通过赞助和广告(或者多管齐下)来获取资金。因此,它必须为潜在的受众提供足够有价值的讯息,以此获得必要的资金支持。5.Themassmediahavea“slownewsday”problem.Theyhavepagesandtimetofill,evenwheneventsaremundane.Acommonsolutionatsuchtimesistofocusonsportsandthelivesofcelebrities(peoplewhoarewellknownfortheirwell-knownness,asAndyWarholonceputit),ortotakesomethingrelativelytrivialandexpanditintosomethingimportant.Thinkbacktothepre-September11focus.5.大众传媒总会遇到这样一个问题—某一天没有任何值得报道的新闻。然而,即使这一天的事件统统乏善可陈,媒体也得想法把版面填满,或把播出时间打发完。当此类情况发生时,通常的解决办法是将新闻报道的重点放在体育赛事和名人轶事上(如安迪·沃霍尔所言:“名人因众所周知而有名”),或者在某个比较琐碎的小事情_L大做文章,将其包装成重要的大事件。回想911事件发生前的热点,正是如此。6.Massmediaencompassmuchmorethanprintandelectronicformsofcommunication(suchasmagazinesandtelevision).Sportingevents,churches,museums,themeparks,politicalcampaigns,catalogs,andconcertsarealsoformsofmassmedia,althoughmanypeopleconsiderthemtobesomethingotherthanmassmedia.6.大众传媒并不局限于印刷媒介和电子通信媒介等形式(如杂志和电视)。尽管许多人不认同,但体育赛事、教堂、博物馆、主题公园、政治活动、目录单和音乐会也是大众传播的媒介形式。7.TheU.S.Constitutionunderscorestheimportanceoftheopencommunicationofinformationandopinioninourdemocraticsocietybygrantingconsiderableself-directiontothevariousformsofmassmedia.Amarketplacementalitysuggeststhatusefulinformationandopinionswillspread,andtheuselesswilldisappear.Afree-speechsocietycanthustolerateinstancesoffalseinformation,stupidity,andvulgarity-assumingthemtobeatemporaryirritant.7.美国宪法赋予各种形式的大众媒体极大的自主权,以此来强调信息和想法的公开交流对民主社会的重要性。从一种市场心态来看,有用的信息和想法将会得到传播,而无用的终将消失。因此,一个言论自由的社会能够容忍虚假信息、愚蠢和庸俗—假设这些东西仅会扰人一时,不会长久。8.Massmediaareverycompetitive.FolkstodayhavemanyoptionsabouttheTVandfilmstheywatch,thebooksandmagazinestheyread,theculturalandreligiousinstitutionstheyattend.Thechallengeforamediaprogramistogetandholdtheattentionofmassmediashoppers--whoarechannelsurfing,browsingatabookstore,checkingoutvariouschurches.8.大众传媒间的竞争很激烈。今天的人们对于所看的电视和电影、所读的书籍和杂志、所参加的文化和宗教机构都有很多的选择。媒体面临的挑战是如何吸引并抓住大众传媒消费者的注意力~一地们正在来回调换频道,在书店翻阅书籍,在教堂之间穿梭。9.Inastimulatingcompetitiveenvironment,amediaprogrammustscorequickly.Sinceyou'restillreadingthiscolumn,thetitleandopeningparagraphmusthavesufficientlycaughtyourattentionsoyoucontinued.Emotionalarousaldrivesattention,whichdriveslearningandconsciousbehavior-soit'simportantformassmediaprogrammerstounderstandandpresentcontentthatwillemotionallyarousepotentialparticipants.9.在
本文标题:unit-9How-Mass-Media-Affect-Our-Perception-of-Real
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