敦煌莫高窟(英文ppt介绍)

Doyouknowthosephotos？？？Whereisit？Followmeplease!!!版权所有仅供参考------------孤夜寒飞MogaoCaves莫高窟25km敦煌市东南部25公里处，鸣沙山上MogaoCaves（莫高窟）•TheMogaoCavesorMogaoGrottoes(莫高窟),alsoknownastheCavesoftheThousandBuddhas(千佛洞),formasystemof492temples25kmsoutheastofthecenterofDunhuang,anoasis（绿洲）strategically（战略上）locatedatareligiousandculturalcrossroadsontheSilkRoad（丝绸之路）,inGansuprovince,China.•ThecavesmayalsobeknownastheDunhuangCaves,however,thistermalsoincludeotherBuddhistcavesitesintheDunhuangarea,suchastheWesternThousandBuddhaCaves,andtheYulinCavesfartheraway.ThecavescontainsomeofthefinestexamplesofBuddhistart（佛教艺术）spanningaperiodof1,000years.敦煌石窟敦煌石窟中国甘肃敦煌一带的石窟总称。包括敦煌莫高窟、西千佛洞、榆林窟、东千佛洞及肃北蒙古族自治县五个庙石窟等•Thefirstcavesweredugout366ADasplacesofBuddhistmeditationandworship.•TheMogaoCavesarethebestknownoftheChineseBuddhistgrottoesand,alongwithLongmenGrottoes（龙门石窟）andYungangGrottoes（云冈石窟）,areoneofthethreefamousancientBuddhistsculpturalsitesofChina中国三大石窟LongmenGrottoesYungangGrottoesMogaoGrottoes敦煌莫高窟HistoryDunhuangwasestablishedasafrontier（边界）garrison(要塞）outpostbytheHanDynastyEmperorWuditoprotectagainsttheXiongnuin111BC.ItalsobecameanimportantgatewaytotheWest,acentreofcommerce（商业）alongtheSilkRoad（丝绸之路）,aswellasameetingplaceofvariouspeopleandreligionssuchasBuddhism（佛教）•TheconstructionoftheMogaoCavesnearDunhuangisgenerallytakentohavebegunsometimeinthefourthcenturyAD.•AccordingtoabookwrittenduringthereignofTangEmpressWu,FokanJi(佛龕记)byLiJunxiu(李君修),aBuddhist（佛教的）monk（和尚）namedLèZūn(樂尊)hadavisionofathousandBuddhas(佛陀）bathedingoldenlightatthesitein366AD,inspiringhimtobuildacavehere.•Thestoryisalsofoundinothersources,suchasininscriptions（碑文）onastele（石碑）incave332,anearlierdateof353ADhoweverwasgiveninanotherdocument.HewaslaterjoinedbyasecondmonkFaliang(法良),andthesitegraduallygrew,bythetimeoftheNorthernLiang（北凉）asmallcommunityofmonkshadformedatthesite.•MembersoftherulingfamilyofNorthernWeiandNorthernZhouconstructedmanycaveshere,anditflourished（兴盛）intheshort-livedSuiDynasty.BytheTangDynasty,thenumberofcaveshadreachedoverathousand.•DuringtheTangDynasty,Dunhuanghadbecamethemainhubofcommerce（主要的商业中心）oftheSilkRoadandamajorreligiouscentre.AlargenumberofthecaveswereconstructedatMogaoduringthisera（年代）,includingthetwolargestatuesofBuddha/[‘budə]/（佛像）atthesite,thelargestoneconstructedin695followinganedict(法令，布告）ayearearlierbyTangEmpressWuZetian（武则天）tobuildgiant（巨大的）statuesacrossthecountry.ThesiteescapedthepersecutionofBuddhistsorderedbyEmperorWuzongin845asitwasthenunderTibetancontrol.Asafrontiertown,Dunhuanghadbeenoccupiedatvarioustimesbyothernon-HanChinesepeople..•AftertheTangDynasty,thesitewentintoagradualdecline(衰落）,andconstructionofnewcavesceased（中断）entirelyaftertheYuanDynasty.Islam（伊斯兰教）hadconquered（战胜，征服；攻克）muchofCentralAsia,andtheSilkRoaddeclined（衰退）inimportancewhentradingvia（通过）sea-routesbegantodominate/[‘dɔmineit]/（控制）Chinesetradewiththeoutsideworld•DuringtheMingDynasty,theSilkRoadwasfinallyofficiallyabandoned,andDunhuangslowlybecamedepopulated（人口减少）andlargelyforgottenbytheoutsideworld.MostoftheMogaocaveswereabandoned,thesitehoweverwasstillaplaceofpilgrimage（/[‘pilɡrimidʒ]/朝圣之地）andusedasaplaceofworship（朝拜）bylocalpeopleatthebeginningofthetwentiethcenturywhentherewasrenewedinterestinthesite.Caves•Thecaveswerecutintothesideofacliff（悬崖；绝壁）whichisclosetotwokilometerslong.AtitsheightduringtheTangDynasty,thereweremorethanathousandscaves,butovertime,manyofthecaveswerelost,includingtheearliestcaves•735cavescurrentlyexistinMogao,thebest-knownonesarethe487caveslocatedinthesouthernsectionofthecliffwhichareplacesofpilgrimage（朝拜）andworship•248caveshavealsobeenfoundtothenorthwhichwerelivingquarters（住处）,meditationchambers（冥想室）andburialsites（土葬）forthemonks.•Thecavesatthesouthernsectionaredecorated,whilethoseatthenorthernsectionaremostlyplain（朴素）.•Thecavesareclustered（聚合）togetheraccordingtotheirera,withnewcavesfromanewdynastybeingconstructedindifferentpartofthecliffMurals（壁画；壁饰）•Themuralsonthecavesspannedalongperiodofhistory,fromthe5thtothe14thcentury•ThemuralsarelargelyofBuddhisttheme,somehoweverareoftraditionalmythical[‘miθikəl]themes（传统神话主题）andportraits（画像）ofpatrons（赞助人）EarlymuralsshowedastrongIndianandCentralAsianinfluenceinthepaintingtechniquesused•AdistinctDunhuangstyle（截然不同的的敦煌风格）howeverbegantoemerge（浮现）duringNorthernWeiDynastythemuralsoftheMogaoCavesXuanzangperformingceremoniesfortheBuddha敦煌壁画中的唐僧礼佛图Cave409,WesternXiaWorshippingBodhisattva,cave285,WeiDynasty.Dancer,cave220,earlyTangDynasty.WifeofDunhuangrulerCaoYanluCave61,FiveDynasties.LateTangThemuralcommemorating（纪念）victoryofZhangYichaoovertheTibetansCave156Banditattacks强盗袭击Bodhisattvas菩萨[bəudi'sʌtvə]Worshipping（朝拜)Bodhisattva,cave285,WeiDynasty.ThetravelofZhangQiantotheWestSakyamuni释迦牟尼['sɑ:kjəmuni]最大的壁画—《五台山图》宋代长13.45米高3.42米Sculptures（雕塑；雕像）•Therearearound2,400survivingclaysculpturesatMogao.Thesewerefirstconstructedonawoodenframe（框架）,paddedwithreed,thenmodelled（模型）inclaystucco（粘土）,andfinishedwithpaint•TheearlysculptureswerebasedonIndianandCentralAsian（中亚）prototypes（原型）withsomeinGreco-Indian（印度希腊王国）styleo