建筑术语

(一)雅典卫城Acropolis帕提农神庙ParthenonTemple雅典娜神庙TempleofAthena额枋architrave柱头capital柱身shaft柱子column多立克Doric爱奥尼Ionic科林斯Corinthian万神庙Pantheon矩形rectangle比例proportion拜占庭建筑Byzantinearchitecture罗马风建筑Romanesquearchitecture文艺复兴Renaissance巴洛克Baroque混凝土concrete角斗场ArenaColossum造拱术vaulting穹顶dome卡瑞卡拉浴场CaracallaThermae凯旋门ArchofTriumph巴西利卡Basilica侧廊aisle帆拱Pendentive肋拱ribbedvault圣索菲亚大教堂HagiaSophia立方体Cube集中式centralized十字形cross平面planeplan扶壁counterfort肋骨拱ribbedvault束柱beam-column哥特式Gothic尖拱pointedarch屋顶roof轴线对称symmetryaxis文艺复兴Renaissance佛罗伦萨大教堂FlorenceCathedral圣彼得教堂BasilicadiSanPietroinVaticanoSaintPeter’sBasilicainVaticanCity巴洛克建筑Boroquearchitecture洛可可式风格RococoStyle(二)干阑式建筑crisscrosswoodpoles窑洞cave－house中国古典园林classicalChinesegarden中国传统园林traditionalChinesegarden中国古代园林ancientChinesegarden中国山水园Chinesemountainandwatergarden帝王宫苑imperialpalacegarden皇家园林royalgarden私家园林privategarden江南园林gardenontheYangtzeDelta灵囿LingYouHuntingGarden灵沼LingZhaoWaterGarden灵台LingTaiPlatformGarden阿房宫E-PangPalace上林苑Shang-LinYuan未央宫Wei-YangPalace洛阳宫LuoyangPalace华清宫Hua-QingPalace艮岳GenYueImperialGarden圆明园Yuan-MingYuanImperialGarden颐和园Yi-HEYuanImperialGarden承德避暑山庄ChengdeImperialSummerResort苏州园林Suzhoutraditionalgarden园林空间gardenspace开敞空间wideopenspace,widespace封闭空间enclosedspace意境artisticconception,poeticimagery轴线axis,axialline主轴mainaxis副轴auxiliaryaxis暗轴hiddenaxis,invisibleaxis又称”隐轴”宫palace,temple亭pavilion殿hall台platform厅又称堂hall坛altar室room楼storiedbuilding房house阁paviliontowerattic寨stockadedvillage廊colonnade舫boathouse榭paviliononterrace阙que,watchtower水榭watersidepavilion牌楼pailou,decoratedgateway轩windowedveranda华表huabiao,ornamentalpillar民居folkhouse塔pagoda四合院courtyardhouse硬山flushgableroof抬梁式构架postandlintelconstruction悬山overhanginggableroof穿斗式构架columnandtieconstruction井干式构架logcabinconstruction内柱（宋）hypostylecolumn梁beam脊枋ridgetiebeam斗拱dougong,bracketset斗dou,bracketset步架horizontalspacingbetweenpurlins升blockwithcrossmortise材cai大斗capblock栔qi栌斗（宋）capblock分fen拱gong,bracketarm正脊mainridge垂脊diagonalridgeforhiproof青瓦blacktile彩画coloredpattern,coloreddrawing脊瓦ridgetile苏式彩画Suzhoustylepattern琉璃瓦glazedrooftile(三)共和国广场：PiazzadellaRepubblica纳亚蒂仙女喷泉：Nayadie喷泉系统：Fountainandirrigationsystem“喷泉之都”：CityofFountains赛维鲁大帝凯旋门:ArchofSettiningSeverus君士坦丁凯旋门:ArchofConstantine提图斯大帝凯旋门:ArchofTitus罗马广场:RomanForum“神圣之路”:ViaSacra埃米利亚会堂:BasilicaEmilia元老院:Curia农神神庙(TempiodiSaturno)安托尼努斯和法乌斯提那的神殿:TempiodiAntoninoeFaustina火炉神维斯太神庙:TempiodiVesta许愿池:FontanadiTrevi西班牙广场:PiazzadiSpagna斗兽场:Colosseum天使古堡：CastelSant'Angelo万神庙:Pantheon德国科隆大教堂CologneCathedral真理之口:BoccadellaVerita、MouthofTruth柱廊:porticus、colonnade回廊:cloister柱头:stigma拱型:vaults长轴:longaxis短轴:shortaxis天篷:canopy拱券：Arch筒形拱：BarrelVault交叉拱：IntersectingVault十字拱：CrossVault塔司干柱式：TuscanOrder罗马多立克:DoricOrder罗马爱奥尼:IonicOrder罗马克林斯:CorintlhianOrder混合柱式:CompositeOrder方格天花板：Cofferedceiling梯形穹面：Steppeddome鼓行石块：Drum圆柱的门廊：Potico圆形大厅：Rotunda骨架券Ribvaults尖拱:PointedArch飞扶壁:FlyingButtress浮雕:Relief束柱:Beam-columns花窗玻璃Stainedglass（四）穹顶dome八角形octagon鼓座drum内径insidediameter椭圆形oval长轴longaxis柱廊colonnade方柱squarecolumn总面积grossarea几何图形geometricfigure对称symmetry集中式centralizedform府邸mansion市政厅townhall圆厅别墅VillaRotonda圣彼得大教堂TheBasilicaofSt.Peter圣彼得广场PiazzaSanPietro鲁切拉宫PalazzoRucellai圣母百花大教堂SantaMariadelFiore巴洛克baroque洛可可rococo前庭entranceofcourt大楼梯grandstaircase会客厅receptionroom宏伟的grandeur浮夸pomposity有厚重感的weight西班牙皇宫PalacioRealdeMadrid（五）柱子Column柱式Oder陶立克/多立克柱式DoricOrder爱奥尼亚/爱奥尼克柱式IonicOrder科林斯式CorinthianOrder塔斯干式TuscanOrder混合式CompositeOrder鲁切拉宫RucellaiPalace圣安德烈教堂TheChurchofSaintAndrew’sattheQuirinal新古典主义建筑Neoclassicalarchitecture勃兰登堡门BrandenburgGate檐部entablature柱下基座stylobate柱头capital柱身column柱础columnbase脚线footline凹槽flute雕饰carvedcapital古希腊神庙AncientGreekTemple雅典卫城Acropolis巴特农神庙ParthenonTemple涡卷volute楣梁architrave雅典娜胜利女神神庙TempleofAthenaNike宙斯神殿TheTempleofOlympianZeus罗马万神庙Pantheon罗马斗兽场TheRomanColosseum拱券arch穹窿cove叠柱式SuperimposedOrders（六）现代建筑modernarchitecture古典复兴ClassicalRevival浪漫主义Romanticism折衷主义Eclecticism构成主义Constructionism几何形体Geometricforms原色primarycolors第三国际纪念碑MonumenttotheThirdInternational风格派DeStijl施罗德住宅Schroederresidency立方体cube墙板wallboard中性色Neutralcolor功能主义Functionalism包豪斯校舍theBauhausbuildinginDessau国际式建筑InternationalArchitecture西格拉姆大厦SeagramBuilding幕墙curtainwall加拿大市政厅CanadianCityHall巴西国会大厦BrazilCapitol有机建筑OrganicArchitecture钢筋混凝土ferroconcrete表现主义派Expressionism爱因斯坦天文台EinsteinObservatory流线体形Streamlineshape建筑空间：buildingspace框架结构：framestructure人体尺度：dimensionofhumanfigures玻璃幕墙：glasscurtainwall转角窗：anglewindow悬挑：cantilever行列式布局：rowlayout建筑密度：densityofbuilding流动空间：flowingspace采光：lighting连续空间：continuousspace木材饰面：timberfinishes挑檐：cornice巴塞罗那博览会德国馆BarcelonaGermanPavilionExpo帕米欧疗养院SanatoriumPaimio法古斯工厂FagusFactory普莱斯塔楼PriceTower帕米欧结核病疗养院SanatoriumPaimio（八）影壁screenwall四合院quadrangle垂花门ornamentaldoor王府大门royalgate光亮式大门everbrightgate如意门gatewithgoodwishes蛮子门manzigate金柱大门jinzhugate两进院abuildingwithafrontandabackyard三进院threehallswithtwoenclosedcourtyards厢房thewing坡屋顶pitchedroof庑殿顶hippedroof单檐庑殿顶hippedroofwithsingleeave重檐庑殿顶hippedroofwithdoubleeaves歇山顶gableandhiproof悬山顶overhanginggableroof硬山顶firmgableroof正脊mainridge垂脊hip角脊corn