第05章--土壤污染-2012-5-3-2012-6

1M11CdCrPb2000hm21/5“”1000hm2330hm22M2800hm2Cd5~7mg/kg0.4~1.0mg/kg3.7mg/kgCd558µg17.6µg3Cd:0.2mg/kgPb:1.0mg/kgCu:10.0mg/kgZn:50.0mg/kgCu2.938.2mgkg-1Zn:4.4045.8mgkg-1Pb0.052.1mgkg-1,28Cd0.072.9mgkg-1,9215“”M19861988Cd10.8g/(hm2·a)Pb414.9g/(hm2·a)Cu352.6g/(hm2·a)As241.6g/(hm2·a),CuPbZnCd8Cd29.8mg/kgCu2081mg/kg4mg/kgmg/kgCu2000(100)Cu2000(100)Zn3000(250)Zn3000(250)PbPb1000(300)1000(300)CdCd30(0.3)30(0.3)Ni100(50)Ni100(50)As100(25)As100(25)M11992“”“”kg0.41.0mg/kg44%670hm2“”“”18752“”102031002004——Hg1.2Cd3.9As12.5Cu14.7Pb34.6Ni38.11.181.021.151.191.151.051.081.061.141.331.391.081.261.061.071.301.201.091.280.990.861.632.271.281.311.211.181.190.981.131.881.031.071.191.111.761.161.041.051.341.421.741.181.091.201.351.591.201.20051117“”672.“”“”8•();11n=(ct/d)2n;ctd80%d=1-0.8=0.295t=1.96c0.5n252M.s.2s953sxxxx9(mg/kg)71.121.90.04766.60.1033.09.7139.238.70.191108.61.11523.029.386.023.90.04954.90.1034.06.468.525.10.05364.50.0926.410.874.121.30.04064.80.1004.411.671.829.20.07166.90.1056.211.879.229.40.10255.50.08012.912.480.129.10.07562.60.06612.913.649.035.00.05641.50.04813.39.739.628.70.04064.60.0585.26.7ZnPbHgCrCdAsxxxxxxZnPbCuHgCrCdAs11995CdHgAsCuPbCrZnNi8—6.5~7.52Pi=Ci/SiPi:iCi:i(mg/kg);Si:i(mg/kg)10“”“”“”19933.33112(CuNiZnCrFMnCdCoAsHgPbV)CuNiCoVCrFMnCdHgZnCuZnCrNiV112CuZnPbCrNiCoMnLiAs3SoilEnvironmentalCapacity2.1—2()H=xTtwHx()T,t,W3.124.´(K,%)=(Q-Q')/(Q)(AT):AT=K(B+Q):AT,K,B(mg/kg)5.1CC0[g/ha]Y(a)Qw(m3/(ha.a))C(gm-3)w0YQCC=2)C(mg/kg)Q[g/(ha·a)]r[g/(ha·a)]f[g/(ha·a)]Qs[t/(ha·a)]W[g/(ha·a)]SQWfrQC---=3)(GB15618-1995)20701.2.13:Ogr-2+M2+=Ogr-M2+(-COOH)(-OH)-15~70mg/kg30~40mg/kgPb2+Cu2+Cd2+Zn2+Hg2+COO-+M2+COMOOOH1.1Si—O—Si21111/2Al3+Si4+211(AlOH)(SiOH)OHpH(H++++--⇐⇒+-HMOXMOHX2141S2-2560.278Cdmg/kg0.145As3+As5+As3+As5+4~10As5+Cr6+Cr3+—pH7.6Cd2+pH1Cd100pH7.04.55CdCd15pHpHpHpHpHpHpHCu2Cd2CdMnZnCd16H2SZnSCdSCuSFeSNADPHHg2+Hg2+Hg0ZnCdNiCd17CdCdO,Cd(OH)2,CdCO32.1Tessier1979HF-HClO4852C3CH3COONH430min0.02mol/LHNO3+30%H2O2pH2.0963C60.04mol/LNH2OH•HCl25%v/vCH3COOHpH2.061mol/LCH3COONa•3H2OCH3COOHpH5.011mol/LMgCl2pH7.0+H2O2HNO3-HClO4-HF182BCR-CommunityBureauofReference0.1mol/LCH3COOH16/1mol/LNH2OH·HClpH2.01630%H2O2185130%H2O28511.0mol/LCH3COONH4pH2.0163)1mol/LNH4Cl(AlAs)0.5mol/LNH4F(Fe-As)0.1mol/LNaOH(Ca-As)0.25mol/LH2SO4.(O-As)—~Cd11255(Cd2mg/kg)Cd“”192.Cduuuuu3.1.167mg/kg;2.6mg/kg;0.46mg/kg;0.22mg/kg0.22mg/kg;1.4mg/kg;4.12346785a5b10.01mg/L80~900.1-1200-50050-40030-5000.3-1.02.1--+2055.3473073-3.650.5300150601.61-1.5150-30050-14050-3001-31200555501.752200601001.5HgZnCuPbCd210~20TSP50~250TSP4~1090.71740.80.9~0.40.5~0.60.4~0.615~173~1560~340Cd(mg/kg)203Cd(mg/kg)0.500.08~0.760.500.04~140.720.15~3.171.000.05~2.421.70.27~158.70.270.05~2.40.070.01~0.10.220.03~2.30.220.03~0.0945Cd23mg/kgCd3848mg/kg6Cd5.Cd:CdCdCd1200mg/kgCd215.Cd1CdCd.Cd2.21mg/kgCd2.64mg/kg0.2mg/kg(GB-238-84)0.2mg/L5~9mg/L2Cd:Cd8051,CdCdCd3Cd70%90%Cd45%~69%2.5%~21.0%Pb77%~89%0.2%~3.8%4CdCdCdCdCd226.1%%%pH%0.125mol/LEDTA20%-30%%22310.158mg/kg10mg/kg11.2mg/kg12mg/kg2As3As5+600.150.20mg0.40.9mg240.0050.5mg/kg132110mg/kg5l0mg/kg25mg/kg1050mg/kg20100mg/kg4040mg/kg60mg/kg250.7mg/kg0.1~4.7mg/L15~50mg60~200mg1.HgHg(OH)20HgCl2Cl-HgCl42-0.065mg/kg262.3.Cr1CrCr61.0mg/kg2CrCr3Cr6Cr.3CrCr4CrCrCr5Cr1CuCu22.6mg/kg2CuCuCuCu273CuCu40mg/kgCuCu150-200mg/kgCu“”“”•1(phytoextraction)2(phytostabilization)/283phytovolatization4phytodegradation5(phytotransformation)6(phytostimulation)1;2;3;412345629(phytoextraction)1mg/kg400320Baker(2000)Cd100mg/kgAsCoCuNiPb1000mg/kgMnZn10000mg/kgAu1mg/kg1Zn18(T.caerulescen;T.goesingens)ZnT.caerulescenCdCoMnNi21846mg/kgT.caerulescen1020mg/kgLombi2000(T.goesingens)830mg/kgDahmani-Muller2000(Arabidopsishalleri)30CdCd1168mg/kgCd31410000mg/kgBaker1994T.caerulescen20mgPb/L7000mg/kgT.caerulescen(Brassicajuncea)EDTA15000mg/kg4Chen(etal.2000P.vittataL.22630mg/kgP.creticaL.31ØCd29.49mg/m2PbZn;33236t/hm22.38phytovolatilization(CH3)2AsO2()/(phytostabilization)33•DDT“”PCBs2090POPs34POPs2001512POPs8(PCBs)(PCDDs)(PCDFs)“”68103020%~3050%~60351205070DDT1DDTDDT2070p,pDDT70%DDT115~12015190DDTDDTDDTDDT362(C6H6Cl6)DDT207.3mg/L60~700C3(C10H6Cl8)175ºC1.69~1.70g/cm3DDT4(C10H10Cl8)65~90212337POOSSCHCH2COOCOOhyl2-(dimethoxyphosphorothioylthio)succPOOSSNHOo,o-dimethyl-s-(n-methylcarbamoyl-methyl)phosphorodithioateCH3CH3CH3PSOOONClClClO,O-diethylO-3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-ylphosphorothioatePOOSNH2o,s-dimethylphosphoroamidothioateCH3CH338PAHs,PolycyclicAromaticHydrocarbons[a]B[a]P6009000C39[a]polychlorinatedbiphenylsPCBs209(PCB)PolyChlorinatedBiphenylsPCBs196519742080PCBsDioxinsPCDDsPCDFs4075PCDDs135PCDFsOOOOOPCDDs/PCDFs2030PCDDs/PCDFs.PCDDsPCDDsPCDFs2080.411PAEs23RSO3NaH3CN+RRCH3RO(C2H4O)nH/421(sorption)(adsorption)(absorption)“”“”FreundlichLangmuirBETWeber1996)43Langmuir2Vsw/aCwCarKaVsw/a⎟⎠⎞⎜⎝⎛+=aawa/swKrCCV1Vsw/aVsw/a104Vsw/a104106Vsw/a10631(0.5-0.75cm)RfRf4421500mm110cm/a,220cm/a,335cm/a,450cm/a1RXXOHRX+H2OROH+HX245PAHsC,Fe31IAPC1986242268049%3654285531462311;5.6022.4kg/hm2DDT2342.0µg/g10µg/g520705476SS710µg/g100µg/gCaCl22;34X103hm21.3X103hm248“”1231;2;3.12.3.4.