英语修辞ppt

•词义修辞格主要借助语义的联想和语言的变化等特点创造出来的修辞手法，他们主要包括：simile,metaphor,metonymy,synecdoche,allusion,transferredepithet,irony,innuendo,sarcasm,antithesis,contrast,parallelism,Simile11Simile11Metaphor隐喻22Metaphor隐喻22Metonymy转喻33Metonymy转喻33Synecdoche提喻44Synecdoche提喻44GroupOne明喻SimileItisafigureofspeechwhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristicincommon.(Wordslikeas,as...as,asifandlikeareusedtotransferthequalityweassociatewithonetotheother.)E.g.:JimlookslikehisbrotherBilly.Mycarrunsasfastasthetrain.Itislikeasimilewhichalsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.暗喻没有引导词，这是明喻和暗喻在形式上的最大区别。换句话说，有为明喻，没有为暗喻。如：Hehasaheartofstone.Hehasaheartlikestone.MetaphorItisafigureofspeechthathastodowiththesubstitutionofthemaneofonethingforthatofanother.借喻重点不是相似是联想Metonymy:Inmetonymy,thetermWhiteHousemightbeusedtomeanthepresidentoftheUSortheadministrativebranchgenerally.E.g.:Thepenismightierthanthesword.文章胜武力。Finallyshemarriedmoney.她最终嫁给了有钱人。•Metonymyisoftenrelatedwithmetaphor,sincetheycanfunctioninsomewhatsimilarways,thoughtheyserveverydifferentpurposes.•Bothfunctionbytakingadvantageofsimilaritiesbetweentwothings,butmetonymymakesthisconnectionthrougharelationshipthatisalreadyestablishedbetweenthetwothings.ComparisonWhileametaphorisaconceptualviewwhichpresentsideasasobjects,ametonymypresentsasalientconnectionbetweentwoconcepts.Metaphorsubstitutesandmetonymyassociates.Theformercanbetakentoindicatecondensationandthelatterdisplacement.Metaphorandmetonymysuppressandcombineideasrespectively.Thefirstisbasedonsimilaritywhilethesecondisbasedoncontiguity.比喻中，“喻体”一定要出现，否则比喻不能成立，“本体”和“喻词”不一定出现。本体喻词喻体subjectindicatorofreferenceresemblanceSimile√像似犹如仿佛√Metaphor√判断词或“成为”类肯定动词√Metonymy乙代甲不出现√Synecdoche不出现√局部代整体；抽象代详细；原材料代成品等……作用•用比喻来对某某事物的特征进行描绘和渲染•以此引发读者联想和想象，•并使语言文采斐然，富有很强的感染力。•使语言生动形象，还可以使深刻的、抽象的道理浅显、具体地表达出来。Synecdoche(提喻)Definition:Itinvolvesthesubstitutionofthepartforthewhole,orthewholeforthepart.提喻是指用部分代表整体，或用整体代表部分的修辞方法。1.thepartforthewhole•Thepoormanhassixmouthstofeedinhisfamily.(mouths=people)这可怜的人要养六口人。•Thefarmswereshortofhandsduringtheharvestseason.（hands=labors）在收获季节里农场缺乏劳动力。•Hecan’trideawheel.他不会骑自行车。（Bicycle：“轮子”只是自行车的一个部件，在此用来指代“自行车”。）2.Thewholeforthepart•AustraliabeatCanadaatcricket.澳大利亚队在板球比赛中击败了加拿大队。•Cottonsuitsyou.•Thekettleisboiling.(kettle壶=thewaterinthekettle)•Twobeers,please.(beers=twoglassesofbeer)3.以属代替种•Springvanisheswiththerose.花谢春尽。Flowers“玫瑰”属于“花”中的一种。•Itwillcostyouaprettypenny.这恐怕会花费你许多钱。•Money.“便士”属于“钱”的一种。4.以种代替属Whatalovelycreature!多么美丽的女人啊！Abeautifulwoman（用“生物”代替“女人”）5.以具体代抽象•Heearnedhisbreadasateacher.他以教书为生。•Living（“面包”指代抽象名词“生计”）•Thewolfandthepigmingledtogetherinhisface.他的脸上带着凶残和贪婪的神色•Fiercenessgreediness•用“狼”指代其“凶残的”本性，用“猪”指代其“贪婪的”本性。6.以抽象代具体•Allthewitandlearningoftheworldwereassembledthere.Thewiseandlearnedscholars所有聪明博学的人都聚集在那里。•“聪颖”和“学问”都是抽象名词，在此指代“学者”。•Itwassicknessandpovertytogetherthatshecametovisit.•Patientspoorpeople他来探望的是病人和穷人。•“疾病”和“贫穷”都是抽象名词，在此分别用来指代“病人”和“穷人”•二．人体部位在提喻中的运用•运用人体某些主要部位做提喻，既确切，又生动，使人一看到做提喻的人体部位，就知道其特征，马上就和它所代表的人物形象地联系起来，如：•Everyheadcameup.QuickhandsgrabbedallthePolishhistorybooksoffthedesks,andhidthemaway.Thegirlsswiftlytooksewingmaterialsfromtheirdesks.Theybegantoembroiderlittlesquaresofcloth.•文中分别用everyhead和quickhands喻指小时候居里夫人和她那班小女孩知道沙俄督学马上要进教室检查时，既害怕却又镇静地藏好波兰历史书。作者使用提喻，描写十分生动，读者看了犹如身临其境。1.head人体主要部位头head用于提喻可以代表各种各样的忍，非常生动，例如：ahothead,急性的人；alevelhead,头脑清醒的人；awoodenhead,笨蛋；astronghead,酒量大的人；countheads,点人数。（1）Thisdinnercost$5ahead.这顿饭每人花五英镑。（2）Twoheadsarebetterthanone.三个臭皮匠抵个诸葛亮。由于头是一人之首，所以人们常用head来代表首脑或领导，如：aheadofstate,国家元首；theheadofadelegation,代表团团长；adepartmenthead,部门主任；theheadofafactory,厂长，等等。（3）Heistheheadofthehospital.他是这家医院的院长。•2.eye•人的眼睛eye在提喻中同样可以代表人:•(14)Whattheeyedoesnotsee,theheartdoesnotgrieveover.•你没见到，你就不会伤心。•（14）句中theeye和theheart都是泛指人们。•5．转喻（metonymy）与提喻(synecdoche)的比较•Metonymy与synecdoche的共同点是它们都可以用人体的各个部位进行借代；它们的不同点在于：metonymy是利用人体部位指代其功能或特点，而synecdoche则是利用人体部位指代整体。试比较：•例1：Herheartruledherhead.她的感情控制了理智。转喻•例2：Twoheadsarebetterthanone.两个脑袋总比一个脑袋强。•用人体部位“头”指代整体“人”。提喻•例5：Hehasanoldheadonyoungshoulders.他年轻而有见识。•Head是人体部位，前面加了形容词old后，产生一种联想意义，即“有见识的”；shoulders也是人体部位，前面加了形容词young后，产生一种象征意义，即“年轻人”。该句没有用人体部位指代整体，而是用人体部位指代其特点，故修辞手法是转喻GrouptwoIrony反语1Innuendo暗讽2Sarcasm讽刺3Irony(反语)1.Definition:itisafigureofspeechthatachievesemphasisbysayingtheoppositeofwhatismeant,theintendedmeaningofthewordsbeingtheoppositeoftheirusualsense.即通常所谓的说反话，反意正说，正意反说。常用于讽刺或嘲弄的场合。2.Effect(1)讽刺挖苦“couldyouwaitafewdaysforthemoney?Ihaven’tanysmallchangeaboutme.”“oh,youhaven’t?well,ofcourseIknowthatgentlemenlikeyoucarryonlylargenotes.”(marktwain:onemillionpoundbank-note)我过几天再付钱行吗-我身边没有零钱啊!是吗?哦!当然啦!我知道像您这样的绅士身上是只带大票子的这段话的最后一句就是反语!实际的意思是说,像你这样的穷光蛋根本就没有什么大票子.(2)幽默俏皮有时使用反语其旨并非讽刺挖苦而只是使表达活泼俏皮例如“generallyspeaking”saidMissMurdstone,“Idon’tlikeboys.Hoed’yedoboy?”Undertheseencouragingcircumstances,IrepliedthatIwasverywellandthatIhopeshewasthesame,withsuchanindifferentgracethatMissMurdstonedisposedofmeintwowords,“wantsmanner!”(Ch