1美国文学

MajorPeriodsofAmericanLiteraryDevelopment1.EarlyAmericanLiterature1620-1820ⅠTheLiteratureofColonialAmericaⅡTheLiteratureofReasonandRevolution2.AmericanRomanticism1820-18653.AmericanRealism1865-19104.AmericanModernism1910-1960PartITheLiteratureofColonialAmericaHistoricalBackgroundTheearliestsettlersincludedDutch,Swedes,Germans,French,Spaniards,Italians,andPortuguese.1.Earlyhistory:1)In1492,ChristopherColumbusfoundthenewcontinentcalledAmerica.2)ThefirstpermanentEnglishsettlementinNorthAmericawasestablishedatJamestown,Virginiain1607.（JohnSmith）英国第一个登陆的城市3)In1620,102passengerssailedontheshipMayfloweracrosstheseaandsettledonthenewcontinent“NewEngland”.Puritanthoughts:WhydidthePuritanscometoAmerica?Whatdoyouknowaboutthem?–toreformtheChurchofEngland–toescapereligiouspersecution,insearchofreligiousfreedom–tohaveanentirelynewchurchBelief---Puritanism(Calvinists:acodeofvalues;aphilosophyoflife)----tookrootsintheNewWorldPuritanswantedto“purifythechurch”toitsoriginalstate,becausetheythoughtthechurchwascorruptedandhadtoomanyritualsThedominatingvaluesofthePuritanwere：A.hardworkB.thriftC.pietyD.sobriety（影响其文风）DoctrinesofPuritanstakingreligionasthemostimportantthing;livingforglorifyingGod;believingpredestination,originalsin,totaldepravity,limitedatonementFeaturesofAmericanPuritanIdealist---dream：theywouldbuildthenewlandtoanEdenonearth.morepractical,tougher---thesevereconditions;struggleforsurvival;preoccupiedwithbusinessandprofitsEnduringshapinginfluenceonliterature1.BasisofAmericanliterature:Allliteratureisbasedonamyth–GardenofEden.2.ContributingtothedevelopmentofSymbolism（象征主义）:atechnique,widelyused3.Influencingthestyleofliterature:simple,freshanddirect(justasthestyleoftheAuthorizedVersionofHolyBible)Symbolism（象征主义）Symbolismmeansusingsymbolsinliteraryworks.Thesymbolmeanssomethingthatrepresentsorstandsforabstractdeepmeaning.LiteratureWhatarethefirstwriting?ThefirstwritingsthatwecallAmericanwerethenarrativesandjournalsofthesesettlements.histories,letters,travelbooks,contract,governmentcharters,statement,autobiographies,sermonsJohnSmith(1580–1631)the1stAmericanWriter;soldier,sailor,ATrueRelationofSuchOccurrences&AccidentsofNoteasHathHappenedinVirginiaSincetheFirstPlantingofThatColony.(1608)（成名作）《殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚开拓以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》AMapofVirginia:withaDescriptionoftheCountry《弗吉尼亚地图：一个乡村的描述》.GeneralHistoryofVirginia《弗吉尼亚通史》---famoustaleoftheIndianprincessPocahontassavedhimfromthewrathofherfatherPowhatanWilliamBradfordandJohnWinthropWilliamBradford“五月花”号上的领导者，《五月花号公约》的主要起草人，后来成为普利茅斯殖民地的总督heHistoryofPlymouthPlantation《普利茅斯种植园史》–accountofthePuritans;representhislifeoffaith（P6averse)–otherwritings:letters,proses,anarrativepoem–simplicity,earnestness,directreporting,readable,movingJohnWinthrop（约翰·温思罗普，美国殖民地领导人,马萨诸萨湾清教徒总督）–TheHistoryofNewEngland《新英格兰史》:candid,simplicity,honestyBothBradford’sandWinthrop’sworksarerecordsofthehistoricalevents,ofdirectandvigorousprosestyleJohnCottonandRogerWilliamsJohnCotton–thespiritualleaderofthecommunityanditsguidinginfluencetowardtheidealoftheocracy(astateruledbythechurch).–Called“thepatriarch(教父)ofNewEngland”–Hewroteseveralbooksofhard-hittingPuritanargument,buthisprimaryinfluencewasthroughthepulpit.–muchmoreconcernedwithauthoritythanwithdemocracy(insuppressingdifferencesofopinion).RogerWilliams–moredemocraticinhisviewofchurchgovernment–WithhimbeginsthehistoryofreligioustolerationinAmerica.（seperationofchurchfromstate政教分离）–AkeyintothelanguageofAmerica《开启美国语言的钥匙》AnneBradstreetandEdwardTaylor(poetry)AnneBradstreet（布拉兹特利）：thefirstnotedpoetessincolonialperiodSomeversesontheBurningofOurHouseTheSpiritandtheFleshTheTenthMuseLatelySprungUpinAmerica美国新崛起的第十位缪斯女神Shebecameknownasthe“TenthMuse”whoappearedinAmerica.TomydearandlovingHusbandIfevertwowereone，thensurelywe.Ifevermanwerelovedbywife,thenthee;Ifeverwifewashappyinaman,Comparewithme,yewomen,ifyoucan.IprizethylovemorethanwholeminesofgoldOralltherichesthatEastdothhold.MyloveissuchthatriverscannotquenchNoroughtbutlovefromthee,giverecompense.ThyloveissuchIcannowayrepay,Theheavensrewardtheemanifold,Ipray.Thenwhilewelive，inlovelet’ssopersevereThatwhenwelivenomore,wemayliveever.如果曾经两人默契，那是我和你。如果有丈夫被妻子钟爱，那就是我和你。如果有妻子与丈夫幸福温馨，同我比一比,女士们，如果可能。我珍惜你的爱胜过黄金矿藏，胜过东方拥有的无尽宝藏，我的爱百川之水不能浇熄，除了你的爱，别无它物能够平抑。你的爱如此丰盛我无法回报，只能祈求上天给予你许多酬劳。在世之时，让我们如此相亲相爱，百年之后，我们才能使生命永在。Contemplations沉思Iheardthemerrygrasshopperthensing.Theblack-cladcricketbearasecondpart;Theykeptonetuneandplayedonthesamestring,Seemingtogloryintheirlittleart.ShallcreaturesabjectthustheirvoicesraiseAndintheirkindresoundtheirMaker'spraise,我听到蚱蜢欢快的歌声接着又听到黑壳子蟋蟀开始吟唱好像为自己的艺术水平正在得意洋洋他们在同一根琴弦上齐声唱小精灵声音此起彼伏犹如歌颂各自造物主的模样WhilstI,asmute,canwarbleforthnohigherlays?我哑口无言，能比他们唱的更嘹亮？ThepoemiswrittenbythepuritanpoetAnneBradstreet,whowasthepioneeringpoetofAmericanliterature.Hearingthesingingofthegrasshopperandcricket,shethoughtthesecreatureswerepraisingtheGod--theirMaker.Thusshebegantosearchherownsoul--whetheritcouldbecomeclosertotheGod.ThisistherightideaofPuritans,whodreamedtopurifytheChurchandChristianityanddedicatethemselvestoGod.EdwardTaylorhis