现代英语词汇学课后答案

1/21Chapter11.Whatisthedefinitionofaword?Awordmaybedefinedasafundamentalunitofspeechandaminimumfreeform,withaunitofsoundandmeaning(bothlexicalandgrammaticalmeaning),capableofperformingagivensyntacticfunction.2.Commentontheconnectionbetweensoundofmeaning.Thereisnologicalrelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningasthesymbolicconnectionbetweenthemisarbitraryandconventional.E.g.“woman”means“Frau”inGerman,“Femme”inFrenchand“Funv”inChinese.Ontheotherhand,thesamesound/rait/canmeanright,riteandwrite,thoughdenotingdifferentthings,yethavethesamesound.3.Whatisthedifferencebetweenmeaningandconcept?Aconceptisthebaseofthemeaningofaword.Awordisusedtolabelaconcept.Itactsasthesymbolforthatconcept,usuallyreferringtosomethingingeneral,butnotsomethinginparticular.Whensomeonesays“chair”toyou,andyouknowitbecauseyouhavetheconceptofchairinmindwhichshowsthecharacteristicssharedbyalltheobjectsyoucallchair.Whilethemeaningofwordreferringtwoaspects:denotationandconnotation.Denotationistheprocessbywhichthewordreferstothereferentlikea“dog”is“caninequadruped”.Andconnotationreferstotheemotionalaspectofaword.Inthisway,“dog”is“friend,helper”etc.4.AnalyzethefollowinglexicalgroupsandstatethroughwhatlanguagestheycameintoEnglish.cake,knife,crop,egg,ill,husbandDanishhonour,court,chivalry,heritage,literature,architectureFrenchcarouse,plunder,zincdock,quarts,cobaltGermangenius,stratum,inertia,memorandum,formula,areaLatinpedestal,cornice,cupola,sonata,fresco,colonnadeItalianplaza,mulatto,embargo,armada,galleon,anchovySpanishsultan,roc,yashmak,ghoul,harem,sheikhArabicsampan,liche,ketchup,kaolin,loquat,typhoonChinesesteppe,troika,commissar,intelligentsia,pogrom,czarRussian2/21geometry,gymnastics,tragedy,philology,prologue,mythGreekChapter21.Explainthefollowingterms:morpheme:Themorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallforms.1:nation;2:national;3:nationalizeallomorph:anallomorphisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.e.g.theallomorphs–ion/tion/sion/ationarethepositionalvariantsofthesamesuffix;theinflectionalmorpheme–shasanumberofallomorphsindifferentsoundcontextlike/s/inbooks,/z/indogs,/iz/inhorsesboundmorpheme:Themorphemescannotoccurasseparatewords.Theyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwords.Theyareusuallyfoundinderivedwords.e.g.recollection(re+collect+ion),collectisfreemorphemeandre-and–ionareboundmorphemesfreemorpheme:themorphemeshavecompletemeaningandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.e.g.cat,walktransparentwords:wordsthatconsistofmorethanonemorphemesandcanbesegmentedintopartsarecalledtransparentwords.e.g.workable(work-able),salesman(sales+man)opaquewords:wordsthatareformedbyonecontentmorphemeonlyandcannptbeanalyzedintopartsarecalledopaquewords.e.g.glove,hand2.Explainthemeaningsoftheprefixesinthefollowingwordsastir,--inmotion;inexcitedactivityawhir,--whirring(a-actingasaroleofparticipleasapredictive)anti-Marketeer,--anopponentofGreatBritain’sentryintotheEuropeanCommonMarketanti-theatre,--thetheatrethatlacksmostofthetraditionalfeaturesofthetheatre(opposetosomethingoranaction/havenofeaturesoftraditionalthings)deplane,--getoutofanairplaneafteritlands3/21denationalize,--deprive…ofnationalrightsorstatus(de-toremove/toleave)disambiguate,--rid…ofambiguitydisadapt,--make…unabletoadapt(dis-remove/onthecontraryofsomething)ecocide,--thedestructionoftheearth’secologythroughtheuncontrolleduseofpollutantsecocatastrophe,--acatastropheresultingfromtheuncontrolleduseofpollutants(eco-somethingoractionrelatedtoecology)megajet,--ajetairplanelargerandfasterthanajumbojet(ajetairplanewithapassengercapacityofabout500peopleandafreightcapacityofabout200tons)(meg-large,great)mini-budget,--temporarybudget(mini-miniatureorminor)non-committed,--notrevealingone’spositionnonnovel,--lackingtheusualcharacteristicsofaconventionalnovel(non-not/lackofconvention/sham)outsmart,--overcomebycunningorsmartnessoutheadline,--outshine…bymakingtheheadlines(out-outside/outward/better,greater,morethan)supersecret,--top-secretsupertax–anadditionaltax(super-above,over,beyond)3.Explainthemeanngsofthesuffixesinthefollowingwordscinerama,--aformofcinemafilmprojectedonawide-curvedscreencircusama,--alarge-scaleshowofacrobats,trainedanimal,clowns(-rama/ama–panorama/large-scale)meritocrat–amemberofarulingclassinsocietyconsistingofthosewhoaremosttalentedorhavethehighestintellectEurocrat–astaffmemberoftheadministrativecommissionoftheEuropeanCommonMarket4/21(-crat–participant/supporter)interviewee–apersonwhoisinterviewedconferee–apersonwhoparticipatesinaconferenceescapee–apersonwhohasescapedblackmailee–apersonwhoisblackmailed(-ee–initiator/therecipientofanaction)racketeer–apersonwhoobtainsmoneyillegallyrocketeer–anexpertinroketrymarketeer–apersonemployedinmarketing(-eer–onewhooperates,dealswithsomething)second-guesser–apersonwhouseshindsightincriticizingoradvisingsomeonetopsider–atop-rankingperson(-er–apersonrelatedtosomething/someaction)anchormanese–astyleoflanguageordictionusedbyananchormanengineerese–thesublanguageusedbyengineers