unit-4-The-Political-System-in-the-United-States

ThePoliticalSystemintheUnitedStatesFocalPoints●ArticlesofConfederation●makingoftheU.S.Constitution●threebranchesofthefederalgovernment●Checksandbalances●TheBillofRights●PoliticalpartiesBackground:•Thepeacetreatyof1783•Futurepoliticalsystem?independence13states?notclearneededaconstitutionbadly.ArticlesofConfederation(邦联条款)•Warover,U.S.notunifiednation•CongressofDelegateslimitedpower1777ArticlesofConfederationArticlesofConfederationfailed1787,Constitutionalconvention(delegatesfrom12states)Why?resultssolutionConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesConstitutionofUnitedStates1.setupafederalsystemwithastrongcentralgovernment2.calledfortheelectionofanationalleader,orpresident3.providedthatthefederallawswouldbemadeonlybyaCongressmadeupofrepresentativeselectedbypeople4.providedforanationalcourtsystemheadedbyaSupremeCourt•Fear1:onepersonorgroup,includingthemajority,mightbecometoopowerfulorbeabletoseizecontrolofthecountryandcreateatyranny.SystemofcheckandbalanceLegislativeBranchExecutiveBranchJudicialBranchTwoFears•Fear2:thenewcentralgovernmentmightweakenortakeawaythepowerofthestategovernmentstoruntheirownaffairs.TheConstitutionspecifiedexactlywhatpowerthecentralgovernmenthad,andwhichpowerwasreservedforthestates.Thestateswereallowedtoruntheirowngovernmentastheywished,provided(以……为条件)thattheirgovernmentswererepublican.Preamble:thegovernmentissetupbyWe,thePeopleanditspurposeistopromotethegeneralwelfareandsecuretheblessingoflibertytoourselvesandourposterity.BillofRights:1791guaranteethefreedomorthebasicrightsandprevilegesofcitizensLegislativeBranch(立法机构):Congressmadeupofelectedrepresentativesfromallofthestatestheonlybranchthatcanmakefederallaws,levy(征收)federaltaxes,declarewarorputforeigntreatiesintoeffect.CongressTheHouseofRepresentatives(众议院)TheSenate(参议院)TheU.S.CapitolTheHouseofRepresentatives•lawmakers(2-yearterms)•435members–—accordingtothepopulationofthestate•TheSenate•lawmakers（6-yearterm）•100members——twofromeachstate(assuresthesmallstateshaveanequalvoiceintheoneofthehouseofCongress)•ThetermsarestaggeredProposeabillread,studiedincommittees,CommentedonandamendedintheSenate(House)votedNotpassedpassedread,studiedincommitteesCommentedonandamendedintheHouse(Senate)passedBecomealawSenttopresidentforhissignatureGroupswhotrytopersuadeCongressmentovotefororAgainstabillareknownaslobbies.Law-makingProcesslobbyExecutiveBranch行政机构：president•Thepresident(4-yearterm,only2terms)•Formidablepower:Allgovernmentdepartments,agencies,andofficesareledbyandresponsibletohim.Thepresidentisnotboundtoberesponsibletocongress.TheCabinetonlyadvisesthepresident.FreetoconsultorignoreCarryoutthegovernmentprogramsThepowersofthepresidentDeclarewaruponothernationsTheSpanish–AmericanWarTheKoreanWarof1950TheWarinVietnamin1960sTheGulfWarin1990sExecutiveBranch行政机构：presidentonlegislativebranch1.-proposelegislationtoCongress2.-canveto(否决)anybillpassedbyCongress(thevetocanbeoverridden被推翻by2/3voteinthetwohouse)onJudicialBranch3.-appointfederaljudges,includingmembersoftheSupremeCourtasvacantoccur(allsuchcourtappointmentaresubjecttoconfirmationbySenate)withinExecutiveBranch4.-hasbroadpowertoissueregulationanddirectives5.-commanderinchiefofthearmedforces6.-appointstheheadsandseniorofficialsoftheexecutivebranchagencies(eachappointmentmustbeconfirmedbyavoteoftheSenate)15departments•State国务院•Treasury财政部•Defense国防部•Justice司法部•Interior内政部•Agriculture农业部•Commerce商业部•Labor劳工部•Education教育部•Transportation交通部•Energy能源部•HealthandHumanService卫生与公共服务事业部•HousingandUrbanDevelopment住房与城市发展部HomelandSecurity(DHS)国土安全部DepartmentofVeteranAffairs退伍军人事务部ＤＨＳ•职责•国土安全部的主要职责是保卫国土安全及相关事务，使美国能够更加协调和有效地对付恐怖袭击威胁。国土安全部部主要负责四方面的工作：•一、加强空中和陆路交通的安全，防止恐怖分子进入美国境内；•二、提高美国应对和处理紧急情况的能力；•三、预防美国遭受生化和核恐怖袭击；•四、保卫美国关键的基础设施，汇总和分析来自联邦调查局、中央情报局等部门的情报。美国国土安全部的格言是：保卫我们的自由。美国国土安全部是由海岸警卫队、移民和归化局及海关总署等22个联邦机构合并而成，工作人员17万多名，年预算额接近400亿美元。ResponsibilityofPresident--Foreignaffairs-appointsambassadorsandotherofficials(subjecttoSenateapproval)-formulatesandmanagethenation’sforeignpolicywiththesecretaryofstate-representstheUSabroadinconsultationswithotherheadsofstate,-negotiatestreatieswithothercountries(throughhisofficials)-negociatewithothernationslessformalexecutiveagreements(notsubjecttoSenateapproval)JudicialBranch司法机构--SupremeCourttheSupremeCourt（ｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎ）•11federalcourts•91federaldistrictcourts•FederaljudgesSupremeCourt(9members)•Achiefjustice(首席大法官)•8associatejustices(大法官)Function：consistsofdeterminingwhethercongressionallegislationorexecutiveactionviolatestheConstitutionjudicialreviewChecksandBalanceCongress:PowerofthepurseCanoverridepresidentialveto(2/3majority)PowerofimpeachmentSenateapprovestreatiesandthepresident’sappointmentsSupremeCourt:PowertodeclarelawsandpresidentialactionsunconstitutionalThePresident:PowertovetoIssuesexecutiveordersAppointsFederalJudgesBillofRights(权利法案)consistsof10amendmentsaddedtotheConstitutionin17911.Americansareguaranteedfreedomofreligion,ofspeechandofthepress.2.Haverighttoassembleinpublicplaces,toprotestgovernmentactionsandtodemandchanges.3.Haverighttoownweapons.4.Neitherpoli