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2第三章药物效应动力学Chapter2Pharmacodynamics研究药物对机体的作用及作用机制《药理学》PHARMACOLOGY重庆大学生物工程学院2013.03.133Drugaction(药物作用):actionofdrugoncells(初始作用),是分子反应机制:specificity:selectivityPharmacologicaleffect(药理效应):outcomesofdrugactions(药物作用的结果,机体反应的表现):excitationoraugmentation(提高,增加):inhibition,paralysis(降低,瘫痪)Therapeuticeffect(治疗效果):pharmacologicaleffectisgoodforpatients’physiologicalorbiochemicalfunctions.:symptomatictreatment(对症治疗,治标):etiologicaltreatment(对因治疗,治本):supplementarytherapy(replacementtherapy)(补充治疗或替代治疗)2.1FundamentalConceptsrelatingtodrugs,receptors,andpharmacologicalresponses4Adversereaction(不良反应):undesiredorharmfulreactionscausedbydrug副反应(sidereaction)-causedbylowselectivityofdrug.治疗剂量下发生,与用药目的无关,可预知,不严重,有耐受性,难避免。毒性反应(toxicreaction)-causedbyextremedoseoraccumulationofdrug.Acuteorchronic,应避免。5Adversereaction(不良反应):后遗效应(residualeffect)-pharmacologicaleffectofresidualdruginbodyafterusagestopofdrug.e.g.Barbital(巴比妥催眠药)停药反应(withdrawalreaction):reboundreaction,回跃反应)-deteriorationofdiseaseafterasuddenusagestopofdrug.e.g.可乐定降压药变态反应(allergicreaction):亦为过敏反应hypersensitivereaction,immune-related.e.g.Penicillin(青霉素):EC50–concentrationfor50%maximumefficacy(半效能浓度)62.2Dose-effectrelationship(剂量-效应关系)Relationshipbetweenpharmacologicaleffectsanddrugdose可用数或量的分级来表示的药理效应叫量反应。只能用阳性或阴性(全或无)来表示的药理效应叫质反应。:ECmin–concentrationtoinitiatepharmacologicaleffect(最低效应浓度):Emax–maximumefficacy(最大效能)Gradeddoseresponsecurve(等级量效曲线)7Potency(效价强度):DrugconcentrationinducingequivalentefficacyMaximumefficacyisofmoreinterestthanpotency.alowdrugconcentrationforequivalentefficacymeansstrongerpotency.反应药物与受体的亲和力Amorepotentoftwodrugsisnotclinicallysuperior;Haslittleclinicalsignificanceforagiventherapeuticeffect;8Quantal(Cumulative)Dose-Responsecurves(累加量效曲线)只能用阳性或阴性(全或无)来表示的药理效应叫质反应。0Cumulative%ofSubjects1008060402013579111315DoseCumulativefrequencydistributionThresholdDoseFrequencydistributioncurve0#ofSubjects504030201013579111315:ED50–medianeffectivedose(半数有效量):LD50–medianlethaldose(半数致死量)IndicationofDrugsafety:TherapeuticIndex(治疗指数)=LD50/ED50{thehigherthesafer}:TherapeuticWindow(治疗窗,安全范围)=LD1–ED999=LD5–ED95{thewiderthesafer}10药物的作用机制是研究药物如何与机体细胞结合发挥作用的。受体Areceptorisamacromolecularcomponentofacellwithwhichadruginteractstoproducearesponse.Usuallyaprotein.结合—信息放大系统—触发后续生理反应或药理效应。配体体内能与受体特异性结合的物质,也称第一信使。Mostdrugsact(bind)onreceptorsandformtightbondswiththeligand(firstmessenger)2.3受体与药物(ReceptorandDrug)11引起某一类型受体兴奋反应的配体化学结构相似,但光学异构体不同很低浓度的配体即能产生效应受体一定时,配体一定,配体之间具有竞争性复合物可以解离,可得到原来的配体在不同的细胞,可产生不同的效应12占领学说:受体与药物结合—激活—产生效应;效应强度与被占领的受体数目成正比占领学说修正:两者的结合需要亲和力---内在活性受体学说IntrinsicActivity(内在活性)–abilityofabounddrugtochangethereceptorinawaythatproducesaneffect;somedrugspossessaffinitybutNOTefficacy二态模型学说,速率学说受体与药物的相互作用13KDDrugreceptorbindingD+RDReffectk1k-1atequilibrium:k1.[D][R]=k-1.[DR]sothat:k1k1[D][R][DR]受体与药物的相互作用k1/k-1=affinityconst.k-1/k1=KD=dissociationconst.14KD[D]([RT][DR)k1[DR]KDAssume[RT]isthetotalreceptors:[RT]=[R]+[DR]Sothat:[D][D]KD[DR][RT][D][D]KDEEmax[DR]k1[RT]D+Reffect:When[D]KD,then[DR]/[RT]=100%,E=Emax,[DR]max=[RT]:When[DR]/[RT]=50%,KD=[D]=EC50:HigherKD,loweraffinitybetweendrugandreceptor15DRk1k1k1k-1[D][R][DR][DR][RT]EEmaxAffinityIndex(亲和指数,pD2)pD2=-lg(KD)HigherpD2,higheraffinitybetweendrugandreceptorD+RDReffectk1k-1修正的占领学说:亲和力,内在活性IntrinsicActivity(,内在活性)–abilityofabounddrugtochangethereceptorinawaythatproducesaneffect;0≤≤116A图亲和力:a=b=c;内在活性:abcB图亲和力:xyz;内在活性:x=y=z17[DR][RT]EEmaxKDKDxKDyKDz作用于受体的药物分类Agonist(激动剂):hasaffinityplusintrinsicactivity:Fullagonist(完全激动剂)(=1)-anagonistwithmaximalEmax:Partialagonist(部分激动剂)(01)-hasaffinityandlessintrinsicactivityandlessEmax部分激动剂与完全激动剂共存时对完全激动剂有起拮抗作用AgonistDoseResponseCurves18拮抗药(Antagonist):hasaffinitybutnointrinsicactivity(=0),thennoefficacy.根据与受体的结合是否具有可逆性分竞争性拮抗药与非竞争性拮抗药:competitiveantagonist竞争性拮抗药-reversible,competeswithagonistforreceptor-Surmountable(可战胜,可克服)withincreasingagonistconcentration-aparallelshiftoftheapparentEC50ofanagonisttotherightwithoutchangingtheEmax19拮抗药(Antagonist):hasaffinitybutnointrinsicactivity(=0),thennoefficacy.:non-competitiveantagonist非竞争性拮抗药-irreversible,drugbindstoreceptorandstaysbound-insurmountable-producesslightdextralshiftintheagonistDRcurveinthelowconcentrationrange-reducedEmax20分类总结212223激动药,及与竞争性拮抗药、非竞争性拮抗药共同用药的比较2425受体类型学习药物消除动力学的目的:设计给药方案一次给药量是多少?间隔时间是多长?给药速率?26DesignofdrugadminstrationConcepts:targetplasmaconcentration,Cp,Csstherapeuticwindowminimumtoxicconcentration(MTC)minimumeffectiveconcentration(MEC)目的:维持目标血药浓度,并保证安全、有效用药。27药效学28如何计算给药速率Ra(Dm/)要达到稳态浓度Css,如何计算给药速度Ra呢?以静脉给药、一级消除动力学为例:稳态时Re=Ra,则:ReCLCssRaCL上式表明:稳态浓度Css随给药速度而升降。药理学和临床意义:根据药物的ke或t1/2计算达到稳态浓度所需的给药速度。DmCL.t1/2Dm0.693.VdDmke.VdRe=Ra=Dm/CL=ke.Vd=(0.693/t1/2).VdA0()AeA00()A0[1()]A29一次给药A0,在任一时刻t,体内消除的血药剂量Ae为:1m1m221m2A0.eAtA0.e0.693mke.m.t1/2达到稳态(目标)血药浓度所需的时间是多少呢?是确定的量?还是与给药速率或目标血药浓度的大小有关呢?特殊情况:每隔t1/2给药A0,达到稳态血药浓度所需的时间?一次给药A0,在任一时刻t,体内残余血药剂量At为:AtA0.eke.t设tm.t1/2,则:t1/2数(n)给药量累积量0A01A011A0()22A012A0()A0()223A0111213A0()A0()A0()......
本文标题:重庆大学药理学-第三章-药物效应动力学
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