Civil-Rights-Movement--update

CivilRightsMovementCollectedByGroup8PreparedBy赵叶洪2012-04-01RacialdiscriminationEducationEmploymentMedicalSocialInsuranceIncomePovertyInnocentdeathDefinitionofCivilRightsMovementTheCivilRightsMovementisthatAfricanAmericansagainstracialdiscriminationandoppression,political,economicandsocialequalityfortherightsofthemassstrugglesinthemid-20thcentury,50to60mid-race.AfricanAmericans,thelargestminorityintheUnitedStates,weresufferingfromlong-termracialdiscrimination.ColoredAsianandAfricancountries‘victoryinthestrugglefornationalindependenceafterWorldWarII,theprogressofindustrializationandlargenumbersofblackscomingintothecitiescausedthedevelopmentofmovement.MainEventsandeffectIn1954,U.S.SupremeCourtclaimedthatschoolsintheBoardofEducationwhichinsistedracialdiscriminationwereillegal.In1955,inAlabama,Montgomery,blackcitizenstookfullstrikeagainstthebussegregationofblackandwhite.MainEventsandeffectIn1963,twentyfiftythousandpeoplegottogethertofightagainstapartheidandtheU.S.civilrightsleaderMartinLutherKingdeliveredthefamousspeechIHaveaDreamasthepeakofthecivilrightsmovementinLincolnMemorialSquareinWashington.MainEventsandeffectIn1960,peoplegenerallycarriedoutsittinginpublicplacesinsouthernstates,showingthattherangeofmotionisbeyondthelimitsofacity.In1961and1962,thefocusofthecivilrightsmovementwereopposedtotheapartheidsystemandthecoachforSouthernblackstovote.Movementculminatedin1963.April,inthemostsegregatedBirmingham,Alabama,protestsbrokeouttheblackstruggle,forcingtheauthoritiestoacceptblacksrequirements.MainEventsAugust,heldinWashington,thecity'slargestdemonstrationever,25millionblackandwhitesympathizersheldjobsandfreedomforfreetoenter.Greatpressureinthecivilrightsmovement,theU.S.Congressin1964throughtheCivilRightsAct,passedin1965,ElectionRightsAct,officiallythroughlegislationbytheendofAfricanAmericansinthevotingrestrictionsandvariouspublicfacilitiesinracialdiscriminationandapartheid.After1964,theblackmovementtooktotheroadofarmedstruggleuprising.TheintroductionofMartinLutherKingDrmartinlutherkingwasborninAtlanta,GorgiaonJan.15th1929.Hisfatherwasapastor(基督教的牧师)andhismotherwasateacher.Attheageof15,hewasadmittedtoMorehouse(莫尔浩斯)collegeandmajoredinSociology.Afterthat,hereceivedabachelor‘sdegreeinCrozer(克劳泽神学院）in1951.In1955,hewentontogetadoctor’sdegree(博士学位)forTheology(神学)inBostonUniversity.Inhisstudy,hedeepenedhisunderstandingofTheologyandstudiedthenon-violencestrategyofMahatmaGandi,agreatIndialeader.HeevenpaidavisittoIndiain1959anddevelopedGandi’sstrategyfurther.MartinlutherkingandotherpeopleledademonstrationinBirminghamwhereracialsegregation(隔离)wasalltherage.Thedemonstrationwasrepressed(镇压)cruelly(残酷地)bythegovernment.ButbecauseoftheperseveranceofDrKingandtheforcedinterferenceofthefederalgovernment(联邦政府)theyhadtoabolishsegregationthoroughly(彻底地).HeorganizedamarchtoWashingtonD.C.About250thousandpeopletookpartinthemarch.Theyaskedforemploymentandfreedom.That’swhenDrKingdeliveredhisfamousspeech“Ihaveadream”.Theymadeit.FinallyPresidentLindonJohnsonsignedTheCivilRightsLaw.In1964,DrKingreceivedaNobelPrizeforPeacebecauseofhiseffortsandhisnon-violenceconception.美国黑人民权运动领袖马丁·路德·金IhaveadreamIhaveadreamthatonedaythisnationwillriseup,liveuptothetruemeaningofitscreed:“Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident;thatallmenarecreatedequal.”IhaveadreamthatonedayontheredhillsofGeorgiathesonsofformerslavesandthesonsofformerslave-ownerswillbeabletositdowntogetheratthetableofbrotherhood.IhaveadreamthatonedayeventhestateofMississippi,astateswelteringwiththeheatofinjustice,swelteringwiththeheatofoppression,willbetransformedintoanoasisoffreedomandjustice.Ihaveadreamthatmyfourlittlechildrenwillonedayliveinanationwheretheywillnotbejudgedbythecoloroftheirskinbutbythecontentoftheircharacter.IhaveadreamthatonedaydowninAlabamawithitsgovernorhavinghislipsdrippingwiththewordsofinterpositionandnullification,onedayrightdowninAlabamalittleblackboysandblackgirlswillbeabletojoinhandswithlittlewhiteboysandwhitegirlsassistersandbrothers.Ihaveadreamthatonedayeveryvalleyshallbeexalted,everyhillandmountainshallbemadelow,theroughplaceswillbemadeplain,andthecrookedplaceswillbemadestraight,andthegloryoftheLordshallberevealed,andallfleshshallseeittogether.In1965,DrKingledamarchattheriskofbeingbeatenhardandbeingkilledfromSelmatoMontgomery.HealsocontinuedtowagethemovementofVoterRegistration.SotheUSgovernmentpassedthelawofVoterRegistrationinAugust.OnApr.4th,whenhepassedMemphis(孟斐斯）Tennessee（田纳西州）,DrKingwasshotdeadbyracialactivist.Between1957and1968,Kingtraveledoversixmillionmilesandspokeovertwenty-fivehundredtimes,appearingwherevertherewasinjustice,protest,andaction;andmeanwhilehewrotefivebooksaswellasnumerousarticles.Duringhislifetime,hewasthreatenedmanytimes,imprisonedtentimesbydifferentnames,castintoprisonthreetimes,attemptedassassinatedthreetimes.Unfortunately,aftersomanynarrowescapes,hefinallycouldn’tgetawayfromthecatastrophe.InJanuary,1986,PresidentRonaldReagon(里根)signedthebillwhichdeclarethethirdMondayofeveryJanuarytobeanationalholiday,DrMartinLutherKing