《语言学》Chapter-4--Syntax-习题兼答案

1《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版第4章练习题参考答案Chapter4Syntax1.Whatissyntax?Syntaxisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.2.Whatisphrasestructurerule?Thegrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelements(i.e.specifiers,heads,andcomplements)thatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrasestructurerule.ThephrasestructuralruleforNP,VP,AP,andPPcanbewrittenasfollows:NP→(Det)N(PP)...VP→(Qual)V(NP)...AP→(Deg)A(PP)...PP→(Deg)P(NP)...WecanformulateasinglegeneralphrasalstructuralruleinwhichXstandsfortheheadN,V,AorP.TheXPrule:XP→(specifier)X(complement)3.Whatiscategory?Howtodetermineaword'scategory?Categoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.Todetermineaword'scategory,threecriteriaareusuallyemployed,namelymeaning,inflectionanddistribution.若详细回答，则要加上：Wordcategoriesoftenbearsomerelationshipwithitsmeaning.Themeaningsassociatedwithnounsandverbscanbeelaboratedinvariousways.Thepropertyorattributeoftheentitiesdenotedbynounscanbeelaboratedbyadjectives.Forexample,whenwesaythatprettylady,weareattributingtheproperty‘pretty’totheladydesignatedbythenoun.Similarly,thepropertiesandattributesoftheactions,sensationsandstatesdesignatedbyverbscantypicallybedenotedbyadverbs.Forexample,inJennyleftquietlytheadverbquietlyindicatesthemannerofJenny'sleaving.Thesecondcriteriontodetermineaword'scategoryisinflection.Wordsofdifferentcategoriestakedifferentinflections.Suchnounsasboyanddesktakethepluralaffix-s.Verbssuchasworkandhelptakepasttenseaffix-edandprogressiveaffix-ing.Andadjectiveslikequietandclevertakecomparativeaffix-erandsuperlativeaffix-est.Althoughinflectionisveryhelpfulindeterminingaword'scategory,itdoesnotalwayssuffice.Somewordsdonottakeinflections.Forexample,nounslikemoisture,fog,donotusuallytakepluralsuffix-sandadjectiveslikefrequent,intelligentdonottakecomparativeandsuperlativeaffixes-erand-est.Thelastandmorereliablecriterionofdeterminingaword'scategoryisitsdistribution.Thatiswhattypeofelementscanco-occurwithacertainword.Forexample,nounscantypicallyappearwithadeterminerlikethegirlandacard,verbswithanauxiliarysuchasshouldstayandwillgo,and2adjectiveswithadegreewordsuchasverycoolandtoobright.Aword'sdistributionalfactstogetherwithinformationaboutitsmeaningandinflectionalcapabilitieshelpidentifyitssyntacticcategory.4.Whatiscoordinatestructureandwhatpropertiesdoesithave?Thestructureformedbyjoiningtwoormoreelementsofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctioniscalledcoordinatestructures.Ithas(或写Conjunctionexhibits)fourimportantproperties:1)Thereisnolimitonthenumberofcoordinatedcategoriesthatcanappearpriortotheconjunction.2)Acategoryatanylevel(aheadoranentireXP)canbecoordinated.3)Coordinatedcategoriesmustbeofthesametype.4)Thecategorytypeofthecoordinatephraseisidenticaltothecategorytypeoftheelementsbeingconjoined.5.Whatelementsdoesaphrasecontainandwhatroledoeseachelementplay?Aphraseusuallycontainsthefollowingelements:head,specifierandcomplement.Sometimesitalsocontainsanotherkindofelementtermedmodifier.Theroleeachelementcanplay:Head:Headisthewordaroundwhichaphraseisformed.Specifier:Specifierhasbothspecialsemanticandsyntacticroles.Semantically,ithelpstomakemoreprecisethemeaningofthehead.Syntactically,ittypicallymarksaphraseboundary.Complement:Complementsarethemselvesphrasesandprovideinformationaboutentitiesandlocationswhoseexistenceisimpliedbythemeaningofthehead.Modifier:Modifiersspecifyoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesoftheheads.6.Whatisdeepstructureandwhatissurfacestructure?Therearetwolevelsofsyntacticstructure.Thefirst,formedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead'ssubcategorizationproperties,iscalleddeepstructure(orD-structure).Thesecond,correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultsfromappropriatetransformations,iscalledsurfacestructure(orS-structure).（以下几题只作初步的的成分划分，未画树形图,仅供参考）7.Indicatethecategoryofeachwordinthefollowingsentences.a)Theoldladygotoffthebuscarefully.DetANVPDetNAdvb)Thecarsuddenlycrashedontotheriverbank.DetNAdvVPDetNc)Theblindingsnowstormmightdelaytheopeningoftheschools.DetANAuxVDetNPDetNd)Thisclothfeelsquitesoft.DetNVDegA8.Thefollowingphrasesincludeahead,acomplement,andaspecifier.Drawtheappropriate3treestructureforeach.a)richinmineralsXP(AP)→head(rich)A+complement(inminerals)PPb)oftenreaddetectivestoriesXP(VP)→specifier(often)Qual+head(read)V+complement(detectivestories)NPc)theargumentagainsttheproposalsXP(NP)→specifier(the)Det+head(argument)N+complement(againsttheproposals)PPd)alreadyabovethewindowXP(VP)→specifier(already)Deg+head(above)P+complement(thewindow)NPd)Theapplemighthittheman.S→NP(Theapple)+Infl(might)+VP(hittheman)e)Heoftenreadsdetectivestories.S→NP(He)+VP(oftenreadsdetectivestories)9.Thefollowingsentencescontainmodifiersofvarioustypes.Foreachsentence,firstidentifythemodifier(s),thendrawthetreestructures.（斜体的为名词的修饰语，划底线的为动词的修饰语）a)Acrippledpassengerlandedtheairplanewithextremecaution.b)Ahugemoonhungintheblacksky.c)Themanexaminedhiscarcarefullyyesterday.d)Awoodenhutnearthelakecolla