东亚经济发展中的非正式制度分析

11999121020001InformalinstitutionanalysisinthedevelopmentofEasternAsiaF131informalinstitutionrationalizedsystemdivisionoflaboreconomicdevelopment5126cm18.5cm2345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546471HKahn:WorldEconomicDevelopment.WestviewPress,colorado,19792PeterBerger:AnEastAsianDevelopmentModel?PBergerandHsiao:InsearchofanEastAsianDevelopmentModel.NewBrunswick,NJTransactionBooks,1988.3Fukuyama,1995:Trust,TheSocialVirtuesandTheCreationofProsperity,HamishHamiltonLtd.London4ParsonsandEAShils:TowardaGeneralTheoryofAction,Cambridge:HarvardUniversityPress,19515FAHayek,1988TheFatalConceit.Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress.6MichaelPorter:TheCompetitiveAdvantageofNations.NewYork:TheFreePress,1990.4849AbstractEconomicdevelopmentiscontinuousprocessofextendedorderofdivisionoflaborandcooperation.Divisionoflabor,ononehand,bringsaboutthebenefitofspecializationandscaleeconomy,andontheotherhandresultsinthedisintegrationofknowledgeandthelackingunderstandingandtrustthusformed.Theuncertaintyofhumanbehaviorincurredbythedistrustistheprincipalobstacletocontinualextendingofdivisionoflabor.Solarge-scale50divisionoflaboranditscontinualextendingmustbebasedonthetrustofuniveralism.(This,ofcourse,doesn’texcludethefactthattrustofparticularismmayenjoyadvantagesinagivenareaandgivenperiodoftime.But,asawhole,thetrustofuniveralismmustbefocused.)Thetrustofuniveralism,firstofall,mustdependuponrationalizedsystem.Therationalizedsystem,characterizedbyrationalismofformandpropertyrightprotection,notonlystimulatespeople’sinnerdrivetocreatewealth,butalsoguaranteethecomparativefairnessofcompetingrules.Itthusbecomesthekeytothecontinualextendingofdivisionoflaboranddevelopmentofeconomy.Anycountry’sinstitutionalsystemiscomposedofformalandinformalinstitutions.Thetrustofuniveralism,basedonlyonrationalizedinstitutions,can’tdrivedivisionoflabortoextendedcontinually.Becausetheover-highoperatingcostofformalinstitutionswillpreventitsinfluencefromspreadingfurtherandthuspreventitscontainedeconomicefficiencyfromreleasinganddiffusingtoawiderscopeinthesociety.Sotherealizationofefficiencyofrationalizedinstitutionneedsobjectivelythecooperationofinformalinstitutioninharmony.Asthefirstadjusterofhumanbehavior,informalinstitutionsexercisetheirinfluenceupontheperformanceofeconomicdevelopmentbyinfluencingtheoperatingcostandefficiencyofrationalizedinstitutions.Theharmonybetweenrationalizedinstitutionsandinformalinstitutionsmeanssuccessfulwieldingoftheboth.Notonlydoestheoperatingcostofrationalizedinstitutiondecreasesharply,butalsothepreferencesofinformalinstitutionsandtargetsofformalinstitutionsconform.Theefficiencyprinciplesofformalinstitutionscanbeintroducedintotheinformalareas.Efficiencycanbeobtaineduniversallyinthewholesociety.Therationalizationofsocietyfirstappearedinthewesthowever,notrationalizedinstitutionsofeachcountryaretheresultsofnaturalevolutionofthenativeculture.Inmanycountries,rationalizedinstitutionsaretheresultsofimposedinstitutionalcharges,rationalizedinstitutionscanbetransplanted,butnotinformalinstitutions.Therefore,thestructureofinstitutionsofallcountriesdiffers,sodotheefficienciesofdivisionoflabor.ThepostwarrationalizedinstitutionalarrangementsofEastAsiancountries51arenottheresultsofspontaneousevolutionoftheirownculturaltraditions,butaprocessofimposedinstitutionalchangesbytheirgovernments.TheEastAsianMiracleshouldbeattributedfirsttotheintroductionandtransplantofrationalizedinstitutions,butnottotraditionalConfucianismassomescholarsdeclare.AnimportantcharacterofConfucianismistoemphasizeactualrationalizationbutnotrationalinform.Itcan’tdevelopsocialcustomsandvaluesintouniversalstandardizedsystem.DivisionoflaboristhusdifficulttoextendintheEastAsiantraditionalsocieties.Soaftertherationalizedinstitutionswereadopted,theproblemEastAsianculturesfaceisnolongerso-called‘capitalistspirits’,buthowtoharmonizewithrationalizedinstitution.Asrudimentaryinstitutions,rationalizedinstitutionsforceinformalinstitutionstofollowthe\trackofformalinstitutionspowerfullyandselect,eliminateandrestructurethem,butculturescan’tbetransplantedandrebuilt.Theevolutionofculturaltraditionsisaprocessofpath-dependenceandprogression.Ithasitsownlogic.Furthermore,rationalizedinstitutionsmustseekinstitutionalresourcesfromEastAsiannativeculturesastheirsupportingpowertoreduceoperatingcost.Otherwise,itisdoomedtodeathonanalienland.Therefore,rationalizedinstitutionsareindilemmawhereeconomicefficiencyandoperatingefficiencykeepapart.Thelatterofthetwoisoftenofprimaryimportance.Efficientasaninstitutionis,itisnotpracticalandhardtoachievesatisfactoryresultsifitsoperatingefficiencyisverylow.Traditionssetthetracksfortheevolutionofformalinstitutionsatalowercost.Thatis,thelattermustfollowtraditions.Theinstitutionswithlowercostofdivisionoflabormustbesoughtfrom‘creativetransformation’.Soproperinstitutionsofasocietyareinbornfromtheculturaltraditionsofthesociety.‘EastAsianModel’isresultedfromthecouplingandinteractionofrationalizedinstitutionsandEastAsianculturaltraditions.Itisbo