高中英语语法非谓语动词详细讲解课件

非谓语动词用法详解doingdone非谓语动词todo现在分词动名词概念：非谓语动词（Non-finiteVerbs）是指句子中不能作谓语的动词形式，是动词的特殊形式，保留了动词某些特征，相当于名词、形容词、副词，可以充当除谓语以外的其他成分。常见的形式有：动词不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）。非谓语动词使用的条件：一个句子中已经有谓语动词，在没有连词出现情况下，还有别的动词出现时，要用非谓语动词。Shegotoffthebus,leavingherhandbagonherseat.Shegotoffthebus,butleftherhandbagonherseat.非谓语动词在句子中所作成分一览表主语宾语表语定语状语宾语补足语不定式√√√√√√动名词√√√√现在分词√√√√过去分词√√√√一、动名词的基本构成：主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone二、动名词的性质：动名词既有动词的特征，可以加宾语；又有名词的特征，可以被形容词性物主代词或名词所有格修饰。Areyoufororagainsthavingthemeeting?John'snotknowingEnglishgrammartroubledhimalot.三、动名词的句法功能：动名词有名词和形容词的句法功能，所以在句中可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语成份。1.动名词作主语动名词作主语表示抽象或经常性发生的动作，有时可以和不定式互换。Seeingisbelieving./Toseeistobelieve.眼见为实。Swimmingisthebestsportinsummer.Thereisnoneedinforminghimofit.注意：①动名词做主语与不定式作主语的区别：不定式做主语表示一次性、具体的动作，而动名词作主语表示经常性或抽象的动作。Gettingupearlyisgoodhabit.Togetupearlythismorningmademesleepy.②动名词短语作主语时，常将一些较长的动名词短语置于句尾，而用it作形式主语，常用句型有：nouse/gooduesful/uselessItis/was+oflittleuse/good+doingsth.awasteoftimeworthIt'snousecryingoverspiltmilk.覆水难收。It'swasteoftimearguingwithsuchaperson.It'sworthmakinganappointmentbeforeyougo.2.动名词作宾语动名词既可以作动词宾语，也可以作介词宾语。①只能接动名词作宾语的动词有：consider,suggest/advise,lookforwardto,excuse/pardon,admit,delay/putoff,fancy(想要)，avoid,miss,keep/keepon,practice,deny,finish/complete,enjoy/appreciate,forbid,imagine,risk,can'thelp(禁不住)，mind,allow/permit,escape.口诀：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。Weareconsideringchangingtheplan.Afterhearingthefunnystory,allofuscouldn'thelplaughingeartoear.Wouldyoumindringingmeuptomorrow?Doyoufancygoingoutthisevening?②接动名词做宾语的动词短语和句式（即动名词做介词的宾语）beused/accustomedto,leadto,devoteto,stickto,objectto,getdownto(开始做，着手做),payattentionto,giveup,feellike,insiston,havedifficulty(in),haveagood/wonderful/hardtime(in),spendtime(in),befondof,thereisnosensein(毫无意义)...I'mlookingforwordtoyourcomingnexttime.Heisfondofwatchingsportsgames.Onceyouwanttodosomething,youmustgetdowntodoingitwell.Thereisnosenseinworryingaboutthepast.④形式宾语it:当动名词作宾语时，如果后面有形容词或名词作宾补，常用it做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语后置，即“主语+consider/think/find/believe+it+nogoo/nouse/useless/awasteoftime+doingsth.”Wefounditnogoodarguingwithothers.Heconsidereditnousewaitingforotherstohelp.Weshouldbelieveitawasteoftimewatchingsomeboringvedios.③主动形式表示被动含义：有些动词(want,need,require,deserve)后虽然跟动名词的主动形式做宾语，但实际表达被动含义,这时主语通常是物。Yourcarneedsrepairing.Thetreeswantwatering.Thiscitydeservesstudyingcarefully.3.动名词作表语动名词做表语时相当于名词，说明主语的含义及内容，它与主语是是对等关系，主语与表语互换位置不影响句子的的基本含义。这时主语是无生命事物的名词或what引导的主语从句。HerfirstdelightwasgoingtotheTower.(人教版5U2)=GoingtotheTowerwasherfirstdelight.Myjobislookingafterthechildren.=Lookingafterthechildrenismyjob.WhatIhatemostisbeinglaughedat.=BeinglaughedatiswhatIhatemost.动名词作定语的情况并不普遍，一般只限于单个的动名词作名词的定语，表示所修饰名词的用途或功能，在意义上相当于“名词+for+doing”。swimmingpool游泳池readingmaterial阅读材料walkingstick手杖openingspeech开幕词waitingroom候车室listeningaid助听器NoflyingmachinewilleverflyfromNewYorktoParis.(外研社版4M1)4.动名词作定语现在分词起形容词和副词的作用，所以在句子中担当表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语四种成分。A.现在分词所表达的含义：现在分词的一般式表示与谓语动词的动作同时发生，完成式表示的在谓语动作之前发生，常作状语。Theywenttothepark,singingandtalking.(同时发生)Havingdonehishomework,heplayedbasketball.(完成式的动作先发生)Theproblembeingdiscussedisveryimportant.B.现在分词的否定式：notdoing,nothavingdone,notbeingdone,nothavingbeendone.Notlikingmaths,shegaveitup.Nothavingreceivedananwser,hedecidedtowriteanotherlettertoher.1.现在分词作表语现在分词作表语用来解释主语的状态和特征。Thestoryissomoving.Thepresentsituationisinspiring.Thefilmbeingshowninthecinemaisexciting.注意：①现在分词作表语与进行时的区别：进行时里的动词表示正在进行的动作；现在分词作表语相当于形容词，表示事物特征，且与系动词构成系表结构。Wearemovingtoanewhouse.(进行时)It'sverymovingtoseehowmuchstrangerscancareforeachother.(表语)②现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别：Thejobissotiring.Ifeltsotired.Thegirlgotsoexcitedbecauseshewonthefirstprize.Theresultofthegamewassoexciting.从上述例句我们可以总结出：现在分词表示主语“令人感到...的”，说明主语的特征，主语通常是物（也可以是人）；过去分词表示主语“感到...的”，通常说明人的感受。Theladyispleasingtotheeye.这位女士的样貌令人赏心悦目。Theboyissodisappointing,sincehefailedagainintheexam.这个男孩考试又没通过，真是让人失望啊。②现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别：Thejobissotiring.Ifeltsotired.Thegirlgotsoexcitedbecauseshewonthefirstprize.Theresultofthegamewassoexciting.从上述例句我们可以总结出：现在分词表示主语“令人感到...的”，说明主语的特征，主语通常是物（也可以是人）；过去分词表示主语“感到...的”，通常说明人的感受。3.现在分词作定语现在分词作定语时，当分词单独作定语时相当于形容词，要放在被修饰的名词之前；如果是分词短语作定语时可以转化为定语从句，要放在名词之后。①前置定语（单个分词）A.表示动作正在进行：risingsunrunningwaterfallingleavebarkingdogB.表示事物特征：interestingjokemovingfilmamusingstorytiringwork②后置定语（分词短语）Themanstandingthereismyfather.=Themanwhoisstandingthereismyfather.Thepatientbeingoperatedismysister.=Thepatientwhoisbeingoperatedismysister.2.现在分词作宾语补足语现在分词作宾语补足语用来补充说明宾语的状态，与宾语是主动关系且动作正在进行。常见的跟现在分词做宾语补足语的动词有：①感官动词：see,watch,notice,lookat,listento,hear,smell.②部分使役动词：keep,have,leave,set.Hesawabirdflyinginthesky.Jimsmeltsomethinginthekitchenburning.Myfatherkeptmeplayingthepianoawholeday.Canyouhearhersingingthesonginthenextroom?4.现在分词作状语现在分词做状语时，通常都表示主语正在进行的除谓语以外的另一动作，对谓语加以修饰或作为陪衬，可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随动作，相当于对应的状语从句。①时间状语，多置于句首。Walkinginthestreet,Imetanoldfriend.=WhenIwalkinginthestreet,Imetanoldfriend.Havingwateredtheflowers,hebegantocutthegrass.=Afterhewateredtheflowers,hebegantocutthegrass.Beingsick,Istayedathome.=Be