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by小结1.用于被动语态的句子中,表示动作的执行者,意为“被;由”。Hewaspraisedbytheteacher.他受到了老师的表扬。ThebookwaswrittenbyLuXun.这本书是鲁迅写的。2.表示方式、方法、手段等,后常接无冠词的名词或动名词,意为“通过;靠;用”。Don'tjudgeapersonbyappearances.勿以貌取人。Hemadealivingbyteaching.他以教书为生。3.表示时间,意为“到……时(为止”或“不迟于……”。Heoughttobeherebynow.他现在应该在这儿了。Bythetimehewasten,hehadlearntabout1,000Englishwords.到十岁时,他已学了约一千个英语单词。4.表示(增减)程度,尺寸数量等,意为“至……的程度”。thebulletmissedmebytwoinches.那子弹以两英寸之差未击中我。theropeneedstobelongerbytwofeet.这绳子需要再长两英尺。5.表示交通路线或工具,后接名词不用冠词,意为“乘;坐”。gobybus/plane/train乘汽车(飞机、火车)去travelbyland/sea/air陆上(海上、空中)旅行6.表示位置,意为“在近旁;在……旁边”。Thereisapumpingstationbytheriver.河边有个抽水站。下面结合高考试卷和其它一些例句做一下归纳:一、by+地点名词。表方位,意为:“在…旁边”。如:bythelake/river/tree/window/door等。Shesearchedthetopofthehillandstoppedtorestonabigrockbythesideofthepath.(NMET90)她搜索了山顶,然后停下来在路边的一块大石头上休息。Aftersuppershewouldsitdownbythefire,sometimesforaslongasanhour,thinkingofheryoungandhappydays.(2003上海·春)晚饭后,她常坐在火旁,有时长达一个小时地回忆她那青春、快乐的年代。注:有时可表:“从…旁经过”,多与动词go/walk/pass等连用。Asweboyswererushingtowardstheplayground,Jimslippedbythetable.(NMET92完形)当我们这些男生冲向操场时,吉姆从桌旁溜过。二、by+时间名词。意为:“到…时(已发生某事),此时谓语多用完成时;最晚、不迟于…,在…之前”。如:bynow/then/thistime/nextFriday/theendof/threeo`clock等。Bytheendoflastyear,anothernewgymnasiumhadbeencompleted.(2003上海·春)到去年年底,又有一座新体育馆峻工了。Thetrainleavesat6:00pm.SoIhavetobeatthestationby5:40pmatthelatest.(NMET97)火车下午六点开,所以最晚我得五点四十赶到车站。三、by+名词。可用来表方法、方式、手段等。1、by+the+可数的时间、长度、重量等名词。意为:“按…计算,按…买(卖)”。如:bythepound/ton/yard/meter/dozen/bale/day/month等。Cleaningwomeninbigcitiesusuallygetpaidbythehour.(NMET98)城市里的女清洁工通常按小时获得报酬。Inthemarket,tobaccoissoldbythebale,eggsbythedozenandsaltbythepound.在市场里,烟叶按捆卖,鸡蛋按打卖,盐按磅卖。2、by+表示时间、长度、重量等总称的不可数名词(名词前不加冠词)。意为:“按…计算,按…买(卖)”。如:bytime/volume/length/weight/height/depth/width/area等。Asweallknow,thefreightoftheluggageischargedbyweight.众所周知,行李的运费是按重量计算的。3、by+交通工具、交通方式名词(名词前不加冠词,不变复数)。意为:“通过…,由…,乘…”。如bytrain/rail/tube/taxi/bus/truck/bike/boat/plane;byland/road/sea/water/air等。(onfoot)Ittakesalongtimetogotherebytrain;it`squickerbyroad.(或bybus)(NMET93)乘火车去那儿要花很长时间,公路比较快。“Iusuallygotherebytrain”.“Whynottrygoingbyboat(或water)forachange?”(NMET92)“我常乘火车去那儿。”“为何不尝试一下坐船呢?”4、by+抽象名词或具有抽象意义的普通名词(名词前不加冠词,不变复数)。意为:“靠…,通过…,由…所致”。如:byskill/determination/practice/diligence/inference/chance/accident;bymail/letter/radio/fax/telephone/telegraph/hand/machine等。Althoughhehadbeensearchinginthewrongareamostofthetime,hefounditbylogic,notbyluck.(NMET2002阅读)虽然他曾大部分时间一直在错误的地方寻找,但他还是靠逻辑推理而非运气,找到了它。Imadeacoatwithmyownhands.Itwasmadebyhand,notbymachine.我用双手织了一件外套。它是用手工织的,而不是机器织的。5、by+地点或工具等具体名词。表路线、途径,意为:“通过(某物、某地),取道…”。如:byastonebridge/thebackdoor/thefreeway/countryroads等。Themanenteredtheroombythebackdoor.那人通过后门进入了房间。6、by+动词—ing.意为:“通过…,靠…,凭…”。如:bywaiting/practing/begging/working/imitating等。Hegainedhiswealthbyprintingworksoffamouswriters.(NMET95)他通过印刷著名作家的作品而获得了巨大的财富。Ourbodiesarestrengthenedbytakingexercise.Similarly,ourmindsaredevelopedbylearning.(2000上海)身体是靠锻炼强壮的,同样,大脑是靠学习开发的。四、by+数量词。1、表升降、增减的程度。如:byone-fifth/20percent/£3/twofeet等。Withproductionupby60%,thecompanyhashadanotherexcellentyear.(NMET2000)产量上升了百分之六十,这家公司今年的业绩极好。Thedemandfororganicfoodisincreasingbyaboutonethirdeveryyear.(NMET2002阅读)对绿色食品的需求每年在增长大约三分之一。2、表示距离和面积、体积中的尺寸及乘除法中的运算。如:by2cm/6inches/fourfeet/nineyards/ahair`sbreadth等。Luckily,thebulletnarrowlymissedthecaptainbyaninch.(2002上海)幸运地是,那颗子弹差一英寸就击中了上尉。Thebedisthreemeterswidebytwometerslong,andcanfitatleastfouratonetime.(NMET2001阅读)那张床三米宽,两米长,一次至少可以睡四个人。五、by+身体部位名词或衣服名词。表示被抓住身体/衣物的某一部分,常与动词catch/seize/take/hold/grab等连用。如:bythehair/hand/arm/nose/horns;bythecollar/lape/sleeve等。Thepolicemancaughtthethiefbythearm.警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。Thesoldiergrabbedthechildbythecollar.那个士兵揪住了孩子的衣领。六、by的常见短语:bymeansof/bywayof/bytheway/onebyone/stepbystep/sidebyside/shoulderbyshoulder/byoneself/bybirth/bysociety/take…bysurprise/learn…byheart/whatdoyoumeanby…/bymywatch等。by的用法作介词讲:1.在近处;在旁边standingbythewindow站在窗户旁边atablebythebed床边的桌子2.经;由;从toenterbythedoor由门进去3.经过…旁Hewalkedbyme.他从我旁边走过。4.不迟于Bytomorrowhe'llbehere.他明天就到这儿。5.被;由writtenbyShakespeare莎士比亚写的6.根据;按照toplaybytherules按规则比赛7.相差Hishorsewonbyanose.他的马以一鼻之差取胜。8.以…方式Sheearnedmoneybywriting.她靠写作挣钱。Wewentbyair.我们乘飞机走。9.表示相(乘)除(以计算面积)aroom15feetby20feet一间长20英尺宽15英尺的房间todivideXbyY用Y除X10.逐一;连续Theanimalswentin2by2.动物两个两个地走进去。11.(指动物)由…所生作副词讲:1.通过Pleaseletmeby.请让我过去。2.附近Doitwhennobodyisby.等附近没人时再做。with的用法讲解-最全的with用法1同,与,和,跟talkwithafriend与朋友谈话learnfarmingwithanoldpeasant跟老农学习种田fight[quarrel,argue]withsb.跟某人打架[争吵,辩论][说明表示动作的词,表示伴随]随着,和...同时changewiththetemperature随着温度而变化increasewithyears逐年增加beupwiththedawn黎明即起W-thesewordshelefttheroom.他说完这些话便离开了房间。3表示使用的工具,手段]用defendthemotherlandwithone'slife用生命保卫祖国digwithapick用镐挖掘cutmeatwithaknife用刀割肉2说明名词,表示事物的附属部分或所具有的性质]具有;带有;加上;包括...在内teawithsugar加糖的茶水acountrywithalonghistory历史悠久的国家4表示一致]在...一边,与...一致;拥护,有利于votewithsb.投票赞成某人with的复合结构作独立主格表示伴随情况时,既可用分词的独立结构,也可用with的复合结构:with+名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。例如:Hestoodthere,hishandraised.=Hestoodthere,withhishandraise.他举手着站在那儿。典型例题Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishands___behindhisback。A.beingtiedB.havingtiedC.tobetiedD.tie
本文标题:介词by的用法
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