文体学复习(二)

文体学复习UnitOne1.Stylistics:Adisciplinethatstudiesthewaysinwhichlanguageisused；itisadisciplinethatstudiesthestylesoflanguageinuse.2.SubdivisionofStylistics:GeneralandLiteraryUnitTwo1.WhyshouldwestudyStylistics?A.Ithelpscultivateasenseofappropriateness.B.Itsharpenstheunderstandingandappreciationofliteraryworks.C.Ithelpsachieveadaptationintranslation.UnitThree1.Dialects:Languagevariationsthatareassociatedwithdifferentusersofthelanguage.2.Registers:Languagevariationsthatareassociatedwiththedifferentusetowhichtheyareput.3.PatternsofDialects:Individual;Temporal;Regional;SocialandStandard,amongwhichSocialdialectcanbefurtherdividedintosocioeconomicstatus,ethnic,genderandagevariety.4.PatternsofRegisters:Fieldofdiscourse;ModeofdiscourseandTenorofdiscourse.Unit51.Formality:Itreferstothewayinwhichthestyleoflanguagewillvaryinappropriatenessaccordingtothesocialcontext:theoccasionandtherelationshipbetweenaddresserandaddressee.2.Twomainfactorsthatvarythedegreeofformality:FunctionalTenorandSpeechSituation.FunctionalTenor:tellsustheaddresser’sintentionofusingthelanguage.SpeechSituation:Inordertochooseanappropriatespotonthecontinuum,thespeakermustassessthe―speechsituation‖----thesetting,purpose,audience,socialrelations,andtopic.3.MartinJoos’ClassificationA.thefrozenlevel:writtenlegaldocumentsorhighlysolemnspeech.B.theformallevel:usedforpublicaddresssuchaslecturesorspeecheswheretheaudienceisnotknowntothespeakerpersonallyorwherepersonalacquaintanceisnotacknowledged.C.theconsultativelevel:Lessformalgatheringssuchascommitteemeetingswherestatusisstillfairlyclearlydesigned,butwhereparticipantsinteract.D.thecasuallevel:Amongfriends,orpeerswhoknoweachotherwellenoughthatlittleelaborationisnecessary.E.theintimatelevel:betweenpeoplewhoseeeachotherdailyandsharethemajorityoftheirdailylifeexperiences.Unit61.Distinctionsamongspeech:Speechcanbespontaneous(conversingv.monologuing)andnon-spontaneous(sub-categorizedasreciting).2.Distinctionsamongwriting:Thetextthathasbeenwrittenmaybewrittentobespokenasifnotwritten(thelinesinadrama),writtentobespoken(scriptsforsermons,speeches,lectures,newsbulletinsandcommentaries),orevenwrittennotnecessarilytobespokenwithnorelationtothespokenmode(telephonebookordictionaries),andwrittennotnecessarilytobespokenbutwitharelationshipwiththespokenmode(dialogueinanovel).Unit7Conversation1.GrammaticalfeaturesofconversationA.preferenceforshortandloosesentencesB.highincidenceofellipticalandincompletesentencesC.frequencyofinterrogativesentencesD.simplenominalandverbalgroupstructure2.LexicalfeaturesA.preferenceforshortwordsandvagueexpressionB.frequentuseofcolloquialitemsandidiomsandagreatmanyphrasalverbsC.useoflexicalhyperboleandofslang3.PhonologicalfeaturesA.frequentuseofsomebasicprosodicpattern(Thereisahighproportionofsimplefallingtones.)B.prosodicvariationwithinthetone-unitC.frequencyofpauseanduneventempoD.freeoccurrenceofparalinguisticeffects4.SemanticfeaturesA.randomnessofsubjectmatterandgenerallackofplanningB.cohesivedeviceisverymarkedbythefrequentuseofpersonalpronounreference,cross-referenceusingarticlesanddeterminersanduseofcoordinatingconjunction.Unit8PublicSpeech1.GrammaticalfeaturesofpublicspeechA.variationinsentencelength,asitreflectstheemotionalstateofmindofthespeakerandhis/herefforttoevokeanactiveresponsefromtheaudience.B.varioussentencetypes(mostofthemarestatements,occasionalquestionsareused;vocativesareusedtoaddatouchofintimacytotheaddresser-addresseerelationship)C.morecomplex-lookinggroupstructures(nominalgroupsaremorewithpostmodificationthanwithpremodification.2.LexicalfeaturesA.usingaccurateandcleanwords(muchuseofabstractwordsorevenbigwords)B.adaptationofwordingtoparticularaudienceC.lessuseofphrasalverbs3.PhonologicalfeaturesA.appropriatevolumeandpitchvariationB.varyingtempoandrightlytimepauseC.rhythmiceffectD.distinctarticulationE.fulluseofnon-verbalcommunication4.semanticfeaturesA.effectivewaysoforganization(problem-solutionorder)Fivestepsofpsychologyofpersuasion:Attention-Need-Satisfaction-Visualization-Action.Connectivesinpublicspeaking:theuseoftransitionalphrases,internalpreviewsandsummaries,andtheuseofsignpostsB.effectivewaysofdeliveryparallelism:makesthestatementclear,consistentandcompellingantithesis:lendsextraimpacttothestatementrepetition:helpscreateastrongemotionaleffecta.synonym:addforce,clearnessorbalancetoasentenceb.alliteration:spruceupspeechesUnit9Advertising1.FunctionsofAdvertisingA.marketingroleB.educationalroleC.economicroleD.socialrole2.Twotypesofnewspaperads:displayandclassified3.GraphologicalfeaturesA.fulluseofgraphologicalcontrastsB.prominentuseofpicturesC.clearidentificationoftheadvertiser4.GrammaticalfeaturesA.preferenceforshortsentencesB.combineduseofvarioustypesofsentencesC.useofsimpleverbalgroupsD.useofheavilymodifiednominalgroups5.LexicalfeaturesA.wideuseofaffirmativeandcommendatorywordsandexpressionsa.Comparisonsaremanyinadvertising,usuallytoaffirmtheimprovementmadetoaproductorservice.b.MostprominentistheuseofalargenumberofadjectivesB.FrequentuseofpersonalpronounsC.Extensiveus