The-Victorian-Age-维多利亚时代

TheVictorianAge1832ThepassageoftheReformBill——1902TheendoftheBoerwarTwodivisionMid-Victoria(1855-1879)Late-Victoria(1868-1902)Early-Victoria(1832-1868)——ATime“TheworkshopofTheworld”TheProgressofReformThepredominantthemeintheearlyVictorianliterature.Political&SocialBackgroundThedisintegrationofWhigTheemancipationofslavesThedisturbanceinJamaicaandturbulenceinCanada※ThecondictionbetweenEnglishansFrench※TheclashbetweendominantfamiliesandnewsettlersTheimportanceof“LordDurham'sfamousReport”TheEffectTotheParliament•SubstitutionofanaffirmationforoathSocietyandLife•Regulatingchildlabour•Abolitionofvariouscruelformsofsport•RoyalCommissionSolutiontoPauperism•PoorLawAmendmentAct•Thesystemofworkhouses•UpaidtofulltimesalariedNegativeeffect•BethamiterigidityandimpersonalityTheDeclineandRiseChartistMovement•Ill-managedfanaticism•Inefficient&badly-directedpurposefulnessAnti-CornLawLeague•Efficientandwell-directedpurposefulness•Amplefunds•GuidancebyRichardCobdenRapidincreasementofpopulationPhysicalandMentalWretchedness:•crowdedcellars•lackofsanitation•TerriblewatersupplyOliverTwist&BleakhouseVisitationofcholra,pestilencein1831.1848.1853-1854EdwinChadwickTheFreedomofTradeProtectionists•mercantileclass•urbanlabour•landlessruralworkersAdvocatesofFOT•landedinterests•gentryandfreeholdfarmersClashbetweenthemcontributedtofurtheradvanceofsocialreform☆SirRobertPeelFourProminentFeatures•Democrcybecomemainstream•Theageofliberation•Theageofcomparativepeace•TheageofProgressChartismMove-mentTheincreasingstrengthenandagreaterconfidenceoftheworkingclass&theirincreasingmiseriesinlife.WhatisChartism?Theyearsbetween1832andtheearly1850ssawanimportantseriesofeventsknownastheChartismMovement.AsLeninsaid,”itisthefirstbroad,reallymass,politicallyformed,proletarianrevolutionarymovement.“BackgroundDuringtheyearsafter1832,themajorcontradictioninthepoliticalarenabecamemoredefinitebetweenlabourandcapital.Thesix“points”intheChartists’programReasons1.Chartistaroseoutoftheincreasingstrengthandagreaterconfidenceoftheworkingclassaswellastheirincreasingmiseriesinlife.2.Itsprangoutfromthesocialdegradationproducedbytheunregulatedgrowthofindustryandbythesubordinationofhumantocommercialinterests.ThebasicpurposeofChartists:•Itwastheredressofsocialgrievanceswhichcouldbeaccomplishedonlywhenworkingmenhadpresentationinparliament.ThetwoconflictingelementsinChartism:•Themanwhorelieduponmoralsuasionandthosewhoadvocatetheuseofthreatsandforce.TherevivalofChartismin1846-1848wasthelastflickerofwhathadoncethreatenedtobecomeaconflagration.NovelsoftheCriticalRealistspresentingChartism•CharlotteBrontë(Shirley)•CharlesDickens(Hardtimes)LiteraryCurrentTheCriticalRealismCriticalRealismofthe19thcentury•Flourishedinthe1840sandinthebeginningof1850s.•Criticisingcapitalistsociety&delineatingthecryingcontradictionofbourgeoisreality.Marx'sCompliment•Focusonmiddleclass•‘respectable’rentier,smallshopkeerer,lawer’sclerk:fullofself-conceit,prudishness,pettytyrannyandignoranceConclusion:Theyarepinnedonthatclass,thatitwasserviletoitssocialsuperiorsanddespotictoitssocialinferiors.CharlesDickens•ThegreatestEnglishRealistofthetime•Featuresofhiswriting:a.createdpicturesofbourgeoiscivilizationb.describedthemisery&sufferingofcommonpeople•Works:OliverTwist,TheTaleofTwoCities,DavidCopperfeild,GreatExpectations.ATaleofTwoCitiesATaleofTwoCities街上落下一个大酒桶，磕散了，这次意外事件是在酒桶从车上搬下来时出现的。那桶一骨碌滚了下来，桶箍散开，酒桶躺在酒馆门外的石头上，像核桃壳一样碎开了。附近的人都停止了工作和游荡，来抢酒喝。路上的石头原很粗糙，锋芒毕露，叫人以为是有意设计来弄瘸靠近它的生物的，此时却变成了一个个小酒洼；周围站满了挤来挤去的人群，人数多少随酒洼的大小而定。有人跪下身子，合拢双手捧起酒来便喝，或是趁那酒还没有从指缝里流走时捧给从他肩上弯下身子的女人喝。还有的人，有男有女，用残缺不全的陶瓷杯子到水洼里去舀；有的甚至取下女人头上的头巾去蘸满了酒再挤到婴儿嘴里；有的用泥砌起了堤防，挡住了酒；有的则按照高处窗口的人的指示跑来跑去，堵截正要往别的方向流走的酒，有的人却在被酒泡涨、被酒渣染红的酒桶木片上下功夫，津津有味地咂着湿漉漉的被酒浸朽的木块，甚至嚼了起来。那儿完全没有回收酒的设备，可是，不但一滴酒也没有流走，而且连泥土也被刮起了一层。如果有熟悉这条街的人相信这儿也会有清道夫的话，倒是会认为此时已出现了这种奇迹。CharlotteBronte•Famouswork:JaneEyre•Promotedthedevelopmentoffeminism.•Pseudonym:CurrerBellWilliamMakepeaceThackeray•Featureofhiswriting:Hisnovelscontainsatiricalportrayaloftheupperstratumofsociety。•Work:VanityFairElizabethGaskell•Novel:MaryBartonThisnoveldescribedtheinhumanconditionsoflifeofEnglishworkersandthebirthofChartistMovementastheinevitableresultofthemonstrousexploitation.GreatnessoftheEnglishRealists•Theirsatiricalportrayalofbourgeois&theexposureofthegreedandhypocrisyoftherulingclasses•Theirprofoundhumanism*Humanismisaphilosophicalandethicalstancethatemphasizesthevalueandagencyofhumanbeings,individuallyandcollectively,andgenerallypreferscriticalthinkingandevidence(rationalismandempiricism)overacceptanceofdogmaorsuperstition.Style•Juxtaposition•Lyricismservestostressthehumanquality•Bittersatireandevergrotesqueisusedtoexposeandcriticisetheseamysideofreality.StageofDecline•Inthefiftiesandsixties•Representativewriters:GeorgeEliot(femalewriter)&AnthonyTrollope•Expositorytendenciesweremuchweaker•Reason:TheworldoutlookofCriticalRealists,theycouldnotfindawaytoeradicatesocialevils.Chartistliterature•AliteraturewhichEnglishworkingclasscreatedforthemselves,infulljustice,developedamongtheparticipantsoftheChartistMovement.•Newthe