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当前位置:首页 > 商业/管理/HR > 经营企划 > 父母同伴依恋问卷(IPPA)的因素结构分析:一项关于意大利青少年的调查
ThefactorstructureoftheInventoryofParentandPeerAttachment(IPPA):AsurveyofItalianadolescentsCeciliaSerenaPace*,PietroSanMartini,GiulioCesareZavattiniPersonalityandIndividualDifferencesIF:1.8612011,032AbstractDespitetheintensiveuseoftheInventoryofParentandPeerAttachment(IPPA),thefactorstructureoftheinventoryrequiresfurtherinvestigation.Thisstudyof1059Italianadolescentscomparedthethreemodelswhicharediscussedintheliterature:theone-factormodel(attachmentsecurity),thetwo-factormodel(trust-communicationandalienation)andthethree-factormodel(trust,communicationandalienation),andexaminedtheinfluencesofageandgenderontheIPPA’sscores.青少年父母与同伴依恋问卷(IPPA)是关注青少年个体差异的依恋测量工具,测量青少年评价其与父母、同伴之间关系的能力。尽管大量研究频繁使用该问卷,但其因素结构需进一步分析。本研究旨在比较三种模型:一因素模型(依恋安全度);二因素模型(信任-沟通,疏远);三因素模型(信任,交流,疏远);并检验IPPA在年龄和性别上的差异。1059名意大利青少年参与到本研究中。OurfindingsprovidesupportforthereliabilityofthelatestandlongerversionoftheIPPA(75-item).Factoranalysisshowedthatthethree-factormodelhadthebestfit,althoughthethreedimensionsarestronglyinterrelated.研究结果肯定了最新、较长IPPA版本(75条目)的信度。因素分析的结果表明,虽然三因素模型的因素间相关较高,但其具有最佳拟合度。Abstract1.IntroductionAttachmenttheory(Bowlby,1988)advocatesthatchildrendevelopinternalrepresentationsofattachmentrelationships,calledinternalworkingmodels(IWMs),whichareformedthroughtheireverydayinteractionswiththeircaregiversduringearlychildhood.TheIWMscontainexpectationsandstrategiesformanaginginterpersonalrelationshipsandexploratorybehaviour,regulatingemotionsanddealingwithdistress.Differencesinthequalityofchild–parentaffectivebondscorrespondtoindividualdifferencesintheIWMsofSelfandOther.依恋关系是儿童在其早期生活中与其照料者日常的人际互动中形成,依恋理论(Bowlby,1988)认为儿童对依恋关系的内部表征称为内部工作模型(IWMs)。IWMs对人际关系形成期待,是调控情绪、应对挫折的策略。IWMs在“自我”和“他人”方面存在个体差异,即儿童—父母情感联系的本质差异。1.引言Secureattachmentsfosterthedevelopmentofmodelsinwhichothersareviewedasavailableandtrustworthy,whiletheselfisconceptualisedasworthyofcare,loveandattention.InsecureattachmentsdevelopIWMsoftheselfasunworthyandunlovable,whileothersareconsideredasunavailableand/orunreliable.AccordingtoBowlby’sevolutionarytheory,thesepatternshavebeenshowntobemoderatelystableoverlongperiodsoftimeunderstablefamilyandcaregivingconditions.TheIWMsareviewedasthemainsourceofcontinuitybetweenattachmentininfancyandattachmentinadolescenceandadulthood.安全型依恋者形成的IWMs是:认为别人是有反应、可信的,自我是值得关心、爱护,并受到关注的;不安全型依恋者形成的IWMs是:认为自我是没有价值,不值得受到关爱的,他人是没有反应和不可信任的。根据Bowlby的发展理论,在稳定的家庭和养护环境下,这一模型具有长期的稳定性。IWMs是婴儿期依恋和青少年期依恋,乃至成人阶段依恋关系连续性的主要原因。1.IntroductionAdolescenceisapeculiarperiodinthelifecycle:ontheonehand,developmentsandchangesinIWMsdistanceadolescentsfromtheirparentalfiguresandallowthemtoformanadultidentity,butontheotherhand,thesechangeswilldependontheadolescent’spersonalhistoryofattachmentrelationships(Allen&Land,2008).Infact,duringadolescence,peergroupandfriendsbecomeincreasinglyimportantandthereisanoverlapbetweennewrelationshipswithfriendsandpreviousrelationswithparents.青春期是生命周期的特殊时期:一方面,IWMs的发展和变化使青少年疏远父母,并使青少年形成成人身份感;另一方面,这些发展和变化是基于青少年早期形成的依恋关系的。在青春期,同伴群体和友谊变得越来越重要,并且早期与父母形成的依恋关系和当前与同伴形成的依恋关系具有重叠部分。1.IntroductionInordertoinvestigatethisissuefurther,therefore,theIPPA(Armsden&Greenberg,1987,1989;Greenberg,Siegel,&Leitch,1984),aself-reportquestionnairedesignedspecificallyforteenagersthatassessestheirrelationshipswithboththeirparentsandtheirpeers,seemstobeausefulmethodofevaluationthatinrecentyearshasbeenincreasinglyusedininternationalresearch(Baiocco,Laghi,&Paola,2009;Wilkinson&Walford,2001).IPPA(Armsden&Greenberg,1987,1989;Greenberg,Siegel,&Leitch,1984),评估青少年与父母、同伴关系的问卷,是一种有效的测量工具,在大量国际研究(Baiocco,Laghi,&Paola,2009;Wilkinson&Walford,2001)中被频繁使用。1.1.BriefhistoryofIPPA’sfactorstructureIPPA的适用对象:adolescentsagedbetween12and19-years-old目的:测量青少年对其与父母、同伴之间关系的积极/消极的情感/认知性的感知。原始版本(Greenbergetal.,1984)包含父母依恋(28条目)和同伴依恋(25条目)两个分测验,一个维度,即依恋安全度。Armsden和Greenberg(1987)进行修订,条目数分别增加到31和29,分别从父母、同伴分测验中提取出三个因素:信任,交流,疏远;依恋安全度的总分为将每个分量表的信任和交流分数相加,再减去疏远分数。Armsden和Greenberg(1989)发表了修订后的版本,将父母依恋分别两个部分:父亲依恋和母亲依恋。问卷共有75个条目,母亲、父亲、同伴分测验各有25个条目。1.1.BriefhistoryofIPPA’sfactorstructureJohnson,Ketring,和Abshire(2003)的研究中发现三因素模型在母亲、父亲分测验的拟合度较低,在随后的EFAs分析中发现每个分量表都有两个因素:信任(主要包含了大部分先前版本的信任和沟通的条目)和疏远。那么,问题来了……对于整体的依恋建构应该区分为一个、两个、还是三个因素仍不明确1.2.Currentstudy研究目的:先对问卷的维度结构进行初步的EAFs分析,然后对前人文献中的三个模型进行CFAs分析,三个模型分别为:一因素模型(依恋安全度),二因素模型(信任—沟通,疏远),三因素模型(信任,交流,疏远)。IPPA分数的描述性特征在年龄方面的差异,提供个别被试分数解释的标准。2.Method2.1.ParticipantsTheparticipantsconsistedof1059volunteers;574femalesand402males(83participantsdidnotreporttheirgender).TheyweremiddleorhighschoolItalianstudents,ranginginagefrom13to18yearsold(mean=15.66,SD=1.59).Allparticipantsbelongedpredominatelytomiddletouppersocio-economicstatusandlivedwithbothparents.2.2.InstrumentIPPA(ArmsdenandGreenberg,1989),threeformsformother,father,andpeer,eachconsistingof25items.Ineachform,theitemformatwasafive-pointLikertscale:1(almostalwaysoralwaystrue),2(oftentrue),3(sometimestrue),4(rarelytrue)and5(almostneverornevertrue).Eachformyieldedanoverallscoreforattachmentsecurityaswellasthreesubscalescores:trust,communicationandalienation.2.Method2.3.ProcedureThedatawerecollectedinclassroomsettingswi
本文标题:父母同伴依恋问卷(IPPA)的因素结构分析:一项关于意大利青少年的调查
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