Gerunds-and-Infinitives

GerundsandInfinitivesGerundsandinfinitivescanfunctionas:NOUNS(subjects,objects,subjectcomplements)Assubjects,theytakeasingularverb.OnlyGerundscanbeobjectofthepreposition.Toformgerunds,usethebaseform+ing(don’t’forgettherulesforspellingofingformofverbs)IenjoylearningEnglishToformnegativegerunds,usenot+gerundNotspeakingEnglishwellismybiggestprobleminthiscountry.Gerundsusedassubjectofthesentence.Dancingisfun.GerundsusedasobjectsHeenjoysworkingwithchildren.VerbsthattakeonlyGerunds•Appreciate•Avoid•Delay•Deny•Discuss•Dislike•Enjoy•Excuse•Finish•understand•Keep•Mention•Mind•Miss•Postpone•Quit•Recall•Recommend•Resent•suggestGerundsusedasobjectoftheprepositionIamthinkingabouttakingthechildrentoMexico.Commonprepositioncombinationsfollowedbygerunds•Beexcitedabout,complainabout,talkabout,thinkabout,worryabout•Apologizefor,blamefor,famousfor•Believein,interestedin,succeedin•Takecareof,insteadof,beaccusedof•Insiston,counton,concentrateon•Keepfrom,preventfrom,profitfrom•Inadditionto,lookforwardto,beusedtoBy+gerundYougetgoodgradesbystudyinghard.go+gerundRecreationalactivities:camping,dancing,sightseeing,swimming,skiing,fishing,jogging,Iwillgofishingwithyoutomorrow.SomeexpressionsareusedwithgerundsBebusy,can’thelp,havefun,it’snouse,it’snotworthToforminfinitivesuseto+baseformoftheverbIwanttodanceToformnegativeinfinitivesuseNot+infinitiveHedecidednottogototheparty.InfinitivesinthesubjectpositionToliveintheUnitedStatesismydreamItismydreamtoliveintheUnitedStates.VerbsthattakeinfinitivesVerb+infinitives–agree,appear,decidehope,intend,learn,offer,plan,seem,tend,wait,canaffordVerb+Nounphrase+infinitive–cause,convince,force,invite,order,persuade,remind,tell,trust,warn,advise,encourageVerbsthatcomedirectlyaftertheinfinitiveorhaveanounphrase–ask,beg,choose,expect,need,want,wouldlike,promiseAdjectivesfollowedbyinfinitivesAfraid,amazed,anxious,ashamed,careful,delighted,eager,fortunate,glad,happy,lucky,pleased,ready,sad,sorry,InfinitiveofpurposeInordertoIcamehereinordertolearn.Infinitivewithtooandenoughtoo+adjectiveoradverb+infinitiveSheistooyoungtovote.Adjectiveoradverb+enough+infinitiveTheyareoldenoughtovote.Gerundsoftenfollowverbsthatindicatethatanactionishappeningorhashappened.Theactionexpressedbytheverbcomesatthesametimeoraftertheactionexpressedbythegerund.Weenjoygoingtoconcerts.(youcanonlyenjoythingsyouaredoingorhavedone–notthingsyouhaven’tdoneyet.)Infinitivesoftenfollowverbsthatindicatethatanactionwillorcouldhappen.Theactionexpressedbytheverbcomesbeforetheactionexpressedbytheinfinitive.Wehopetogototheconcert.(Youcanhopeforthingsthatcouldhappennotthingsthathavealreadyhappened)Verbsthatarefollowedbyanounphrase+infinitivecanalsobefollowedbyagerund.Thegerundmakesitgeneralandtheinfinitivemakespecificthepersonindicated.Theyallowsmokinginthisbuilding.Theyallowedmetosmokeinthehouse.Theseverbsare:adviseallowencouragepermitrequireurgeSomeverbscanbefollowedbybothgerundorinfinitivewithnochangeinmeaning.Begin,hate,like,start,love,prefer,continueIlikecooking.Iliketocook.ShestartedlosingweightShestartedtoloseweight.Someverbsalthoughtheycanbeusedafterbothgerundsandinfinitiveshaveadifferenceinmeaning.rememberforgetregretstoptrygetShestoppedsmoking.Shestoppedtosmoke.Theyforgotbuyingbread.Theyforgottobuybread.UsedtoBeusedtoGetusedtoUsedto+baseformBeusedto+gerundGetusedto+gerundVerbsofperception:infinitives:fromstarttofinishGerunds:inprogressIheardthechildrencry.Isawyourfriendswalkinginthepark.Infinitiveformsarenotusedafterthefollowingverbsofperception:feelseehearsmellWhenaspecificperformerofthegerundactionneedstobeindicated,apossessivenounorapossessivedeterminerisused.IreallyappreciateKaren’s/herwritingthatletterforme.Peter’s/hiscominglatereallyannoysme.Yourneglectingyourteethwillcauseanearlierreturntothedentist.Theirdenyingtheallegationwasunderstandable.Ididn’tlikethedog’sbarkingallnight.Idon’tmindhisleavingearly.(formal)Idon’tmindhimleavingearly.(informal)Whenaninfinitivefunctionsasasubjectorasubjectcomplement,anystatedsubjectoftheinfinitiveshouldbeprecededbyfor.Ifapronounfollowsfor,itmustbeinobjectform.Whenthesubjectofagerundisstated,ittakesthepossessiveform.Forpeopletoseeisawonderfulgift.HerdesirewasforthemtotakeatriparoundtheworldTheyhopedforhertobeabletoattendtheconcert.Infinitivescanoccurintheprogressivebutgerundscannot.TobedoingItisusedtoindicateanactivityinprogressorongoingShehadhopedtobeworkingBothgerundsandinfinitivescanoccurintheperfectformhavingdonetohavedoneItisusedtoindicatethattheactivityisinthepastWeappreciatehavingheardhersing.We’refortunatetohaveheardhersingAgerundcanbeusedinthepassiveformIdislikebeingtoldalie.Havemakeletarecausativeverbs.Theycausesomeonetodosomething.Theyarealwaysfollowedbyanounphrase+baseformofverb.Donotuseaninfinitiveaftertheseverbs.Shemademefall.Shemadeherdaughtergototheparty.Shelethimtakethecamera.Shehadmepreparebreakfastyesterday.Aftercausativeverbs:getconvincepersuadeusetheinfinitiveShegotmetowork.Sheconvincedmetowork.Sense-perceptionverbs:hear,listentofeel,smell,seewatch,observe,noticearefollowedbyeithera