ACPerformance---掌握飞机性能——空客

gettingtogripswithaircraftperformanceFlightOperationsSupport&LineAssistanceCustomerServices1,rond-pointMauriceBellonte,BP3331707BLAGNACCedexFRANCETelephone([phone]Telefax([phone]TelexAIRBU530526FSITATLSBI7XJanuary2002GettingtoGripswithAircraftPerformanceTABLEOFCONTENTS1TABLEOFCONTENTS1.INTRODUCTION9A.GENERAL111.THEINTERNATIONALSTANDARDATMOSPHERE(ISA)111.1.STANDARDATMOSPHEREMODELING111.1.1.TEMPERATUREMODELING111.1.2.PRESSUREMODELING131.1.3.DENSITYMODELING151.2.INTERNATIONALSTANDARDATMOSPHERE(ISA)TABLE152.ALTIMETRYPRINCIPLES172.1.GENERAL172.2.DEFINITIONS182.3.EFFECTSOFALTIMETERSETTINGANDTEMPERATURE202.3.1.ALTIMETERSETTINGCORRECTION202.3.2.TEMPERATURECORRECTION203.OPERATINGSPEEDS233.1.CALIBRATEDAIRSPEED(CAS)233.2.INDICATEDAIRSPEED(IAS)243.3.TRUEAIRSPEED(TAS)243.4.GROUNDSPEED(GS)243.5.MACHNUMBER253.6.TRUEAIRSPEED(TAS)VARIATIONS264.FLIGHTMECHANICS27B.AIRCRAFTLIMITATIONS291.FLIGHTLIMITATIONS291.1.LIMITLOADFACTORS291.2.MAXIMUMSPEEDS301.3.MINIMUMSPEEDS311.3.1.MINIMUMCONTROLSPEEDONTHEGROUND:VMCG311.3.2.MINIMUMCONTROLSPEEDINTHEAIR:VMCA321.3.3.MINIMUMCONTROLSPEEDDURINGAPPROACHANDLANDING:VMCL331.3.4.MINIMUMUNSTICKSPEED:VMU341.3.5.STALLSPEED352.MAXIMUMSTRUCTURALWEIGHTS372.1.AIRCRAFTWEIGHTDEFINITIONS372.2.MAXIMUMSTRUCTURALTAKEOFFWEIGHT(MTOW)392.3.MAXIMUMSTRUCTURALLANDINGWEIGHT(MLW)392.4.MAXIMUMSTRUCTURALZEROFUELWEIGHT(MZFW)392.5.MAXIMUMSTRUCTURALTAXIWEIGHT(MTW)403.MINIMUMSTRUCTURALWEIGHT404.ENVIRONMENTALENVELOPE40TABLEOFCONTENTSGettingtoGripswithAircraftPerformance25.ENGINELIMITATIONS415.1.THRUSTSETTINGANDEGTLIMITATIONS415.2.TAKEOFFTHRUSTLIMITATIONS42C.TAKEOFF431.INTRODUCTION432.TAKEOFFSPEEDS442.1.OPERATIONALTAKEOFFSPEEDS442.1.1.ENGINEFAILURESPEED:VEF442.1.2.DECISIONSPEED:V1442.1.3.ROTATIONSPEED:VR462.1.4.LIFT-OFFSPEED:VLOF462.1.5.TAKEOFFCLIMBSPEED:V2472.2.TAKEOFFSPEEDLIMITS482.2.1.MAXIMUMBRAKEENERGYSPEED:VMBE482.2.2.MAXIMUMTIRESPEED:VTIRE482.3.SPEEDSUMMARY483.RUNWAYLIMITATIONS493.1.TAKEOFFDISTANCES493.1.1.REGULATORYBACKGROUND493.1.2.TAKEOFFDISTANCE(TOD)503.1.3.TAKEOFFRUN(TOR)523.1.4.ACCELERATE-STOPDISTANCE(ASD)533.1.5.INFLUENCEOFV1ONACCELERATE-GO/STOPDISTANCES553.2.AVAILABLETAKEOFFLENGTHS563.2.1.TAKEOFFRUNAVAILABLE(TORA)563.2.2.TAKEOFFDISTANCEAVAILABLE(TODA)563.2.3.ACCELERATE-STOPDISTANCEAVAILABLE(ASDA)573.2.4.LOSSOFRUNWAYLENGTHDUETOALIGNMENT583.2.5.INFLUENCEOFV1ONTHERUNWAY-LIMITEDTAKEOFFWEIGHT614.CLIMBANDOBSTACLELIMITATIONS624.1.TAKEOFFFLIGHTPATH624.1.1.DEFINITIONS624.1.2.TAKEOFFSEGMENTSANDCLIMBREQUIREMENTS624.1.3.MINIMUMANDMAXIMUMACCELERATIONHEIGHTS644.1.4.TAKEOFFTURNPROCEDURE654.2.OBSTACLECLEARANCE674.2.1.GROSSANDNETTAKEOFFFLIGHTPATHS674.2.2.OBSTACLECLEARANCEDURINGASTRAIGHTTAKEOFF684.2.3.OBSTACLECLEARANCEDURINGATURN684.2.4.LOSSOFGRADIENTDURINGATURN694.2.5.TAKEOFFFLIGHTPATHWITHOBSTACLES704.2.6.TAKEOFFFUNNEL715.OUTSIDEELEMENTS745.1.WIND745.2.PRESSUREALTITUDE755.2.1.EFFECTONAERODYNAMICS755.2.2.EFFECTONENGINES765.2.3.SUMMARY76GettingtoGripswithAircraftPerformanceTABLEOFCONTENTS35.3.TEMPERATURE765.3.1.EFFECTONAERODYNAMICS765.3.2.EFFECTONENGINES765.3.3.SUMMARY775.4.RUNWAYSLOPE775.5.RUNWAYCONDITIONS(DRY,DAMP,WET,CONTAMINATED)775.5.1.DEFINITIONS785.5.2.EFFECTONPERFORMANCE795.5.3.AIRCRAFTMANUFACTURERDATA825.5.4.TAKEOFFPERFORMANCEONWETANDCONTAMINATEDRUNWAYS836.MAXIMUMTAKEOFFWEIGHTDETERMINATION846.1.SPEEDOPTIMIZATIONPROCESS846.2.REGULATORYTAKEOFFWEIGHTCHART(RTOWCHART)857.FLEXIBLEANDDERATEDTAKEOFF877.1.FLEXIBLETAKEOFF877.1.1.DEFINITION877.1.2.FLEXIBLETAKEOFFANDRUNWAYSTATE887.1.3.FLEXIBLETEMPERATUREDETERMINATION897.1.4.FLEXIBLETAKEOFFPROCEDURE897.2.DERATEDTAKEOFF907.2.1.DEFINITION907.2.2.MINIMUMCONTROLSPEEDSWITHDERATEDTHRUST907.2.3.DERATEDTAKEOFFANDRUNWAYSTATE917.2.4.DERATEDTAKEOFFPROCEDURE92D.ENROUTELIMITATIONS931.ENROUTEFAILURECASES932.ENGINEFAILURE(S)932.1.GENERALDEFINITIONS932.1.1.DRIFTDOWNPROCEDURE932.1.2.GROSSANDNETDRIFTDOWNFLIGHTPATHS942.1.3.TAKEOFFALTERNATEAIRPORT952.2.ENROUTEOBSTACLECLEARANCE–ONEENGINEINOPERATIVE962.2.1.LATERALCLEARANCE962.2.2.VERTICALCLEARANCE972.2.3.DIVERSIONAIRFIELD1012.3.TWINENGINEAIRCRAFT1022.3.1.60MINUTERULE1022.4.FOURENGINEAIRCRAFT1022.4.1.90MINUTERULE1022.4.2.OBSTACLECLEARANCE–TWOENGINESINOPERATIVE1032.4.3.DIVERSIONAIRFIELD–TWOENGINESINOPERATIVE1043.IN-FLIGHTCABINPRESSURIZATIONFAILURE1053.1.1.OXYGENSYSTEMS1053.1.2.PASSENGEROXYGENREQUIREMENT1063.1.3.FLIGHTPROFILE1073.1.4.MINIMUMFLIGHTALTITUDES1083.1.5.OBSTACLECLEARANCE–CABINPRESSURIZATIONFAILURE1094.ROUTESTUDY110TABLEOFCONTENTSGettingtoGripswithAircraftPerformance4E.LANDING1111.INTRODUCTION1112.LANDINGDISTANCEAVAILABLE(LDA)1112.1.WITHNOOBSTACLEUNDERLANDINGPATH1112.2.WITHOBSTACLESUNDERLANDINGPATH1113.LANDINGPERFORMANCE1123.1.OPERATINGLANDINGSPEEDS1123.1.1.LOWESTSELECTABLESPEED:VLS1133.1.2.FINALAPPROACHSPEED:VAPP1133.1.3.REFERENCESPEED:VREF1143.2.ACTUALLANDINGDISTANCE(ALD)1143.2.1.MANUALLANDING1143.2.2.AUTOMATICLANDING1163.3.GO-AROUNDPERFORMANCEREQUIREMENTS1173.3.1.APPROACHCLIMB1173.3.2.LANDINGCLIMB1183.4.EXTERNALPARAMETERSINFLUENCE1193.4.1.PRESSUREALTITUDE1193.4.2.TEMPERATURE1193.4.3.RUNWAYSLOPE1193.4.4.RUNWAYCONDITIONS1203.4.5.AIRCRAFT