0AP-微观经济学讲义-供求2

1of34©2006PrenticeHallBusinessPublishingEconomicsR.GlennHubbard,AnthonyPatrickO’Brien—1sted.CHAPTER3:WherePricesComeFrom:TheInteractionofDemandandSupplyChapter3:PriceDetermination:TheInteractionofDemandandSupply---ByJacindaJia2of34©2006PrenticeHallBusinessPublishingEconomicsR.GlennHubbard,AnthonyPatrickO’Brien—1sted.CHAPTER3:WherePricesComeFrom:TheInteractionofDemandandSupplyHowHewlett-PackardManagestheDemandforPrintersAfterstudyingthischapter,youshouldbeableto:Discussthevariablesthatinfluencedemand.Discussthevariablesthatinfluencesupply.Useagraphtoillustratemarketequilibrium.Usedemandandsupplygraphstopredictchangesinpricesandquantities.CarlyFiorinaLEARNINGOBJECTIVES…BecauseoftheimportanceofprinterstoHewlett-Packard,thecompanydevotessignificantresourcestomonitoringandforecastingconsumerdemand.12343of34©2006PrenticeHallBusinessPublishingEconomicsR.GlennHubbard,AnthonyPatrickO’Brien—1sted.CHAPTER3:WherePricesComeFrom:TheInteractionofDemandandSupplyTheDemandSideoftheMarketLEARNINGOBJECTIVE1TheDemandofanIndividualBuyerQuantitydemandedThequantityofagoodorservicethataconsumeriswillingtopurchaseatagivenprice.3-1PlottingaPrice-QuantityCombinationonaGraphAtapriceof$125perprinter,Kate,thepurchasingmanagerforthePrudentialInsuranceCompany,willbewillingtobuy5printersinthenextmonth.4of34©2006PrenticeHallBusinessPublishingEconomicsR.GlennHubbard,AnthonyPatrickO’Brien—1sted.CHAPTER3:WherePricesComeFrom:TheInteractionofDemandandSupplyTheDemandSideoftheMarketDemandSchedulesandDemandCurvesDemandscheduleAtableshowingtherelationshipbetweenthepriceofaproductandthequantityoftheproductdemanded.DemandcurveAcurvethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofaproductandthequantityoftheproductdemanded.3-2Kate’sDemandScheduleandDemandCurve5of34©2006PrenticeHallBusinessPublishingEconomicsR.GlennHubbard,AnthonyPatrickO’Brien—1sted.CHAPTER3:WherePricesComeFrom:TheInteractionofDemandandSupplyTheDemandSideoftheMarketIndividualDemandandMarketDemandMarketdemandThedemandforaproductbyalltheconsumersinagivengeographicalarea.3-3DerivingtheMarketDemandCurvefromIndividualDemandCurves6of34©2006PrenticeHallBusinessPublishingEconomicsR.GlennHubbard,AnthonyPatrickO’Brien—1sted.CHAPTER3:WherePricesComeFrom:TheInteractionofDemandandSupplyTheDemandSideoftheMarketTheLawofDemandTheLawofDemandHoldingeverythingelseconstant,whenthepriceofaproductfalls,thequantitydemandedoftheproductwillincreases,andwhenthepriceofaproductrises,thequantitydemandedoftheproductwilldecrease.WhatExplainstheLawofDemand?SubstitutioneffectThechangeinthequantitydemandedofagoodthatresultsfromachangeinpricemakingthegoodmoreorlessexpensiverelativetoothergoodsthataresubstitutes.IncomeeffectThechangeinthequantitydemandedofagoodthatresultsfromtheeffectofachangeinthegood’spriceonconsumerpurchasingpower.7of34©2006PrenticeHallBusinessPublishingEconomicsR.GlennHubbard,AnthonyPatrickO’Brien—1sted.CHAPTER3:WherePricesComeFrom:TheInteractionofDemandandSupplyTheDemandSideoftheMarketHoldingEverythingElseConstant:TheCeterisParibusConditionCeterisparibus(“allelseequal”)Therequirementthatwhenanalyzingtherelationshipbetweentwovariables—suchaspriceandquantitydemanded—othervariablesmustbeheldconstant.8of34©2006PrenticeHallBusinessPublishingEconomicsR.GlennHubbard,AnthonyPatrickO’Brien—1sted.CHAPTER3:WherePricesComeFrom:TheInteractionofDemandandSupplyTheDemandSideoftheMarket¾PriceofrelatedgoodsSubstitutesGoodsandservicesthatcanbeusedforthesamepurpose.ComplementsGoodsthatareusedtogether.¾IncomeNormalgoodAgoodforwhichthedemandincreasesasincomerisesanddecreasesasincomefalls.InferiorgoodAgoodforwhichthedemandincreasesasincomefalls,anddecreasesasincomerises.¾Tastes¾PopulationanddemographicsDemographicsThecharacteristicsofapopulationwithrespecttoage,race,andgender.¾ExpectedfuturepricesVariablesThatShiftMarketDemand3-4ShiftingtheDemandCurve9of34©2006PrenticeHallBusinessPublishingEconomicsR.GlennHubbard,AnthonyPatrickO’Brien—1sted.CHAPTER3:WherePricesComeFrom:TheInteractionofDemandandSupplyWhySupermarketsNeedtoUnderstandSubstitutesandComplements3-1Asupermarketshouldn’tremoveaslow-sellingsoupfromitsshelveswithoutresearchingwhethershoppersusethatsoupasasubstituteoracomplementforanothersoup.COFFEEFROZENPIZZAHOTDOGSICECREAMPOTATOCHIPSREGULARCEREALSPAGHETTISAUCEYOGURTVarietiesinFiveChicagoSupermarkets391337128421285242194288VarietiesIntroducedina2-YearPeriod113109471299311470107VarietiesRemovedina2-YearPeriod13586321187775365110of34©2006PrenticeHallBusinessPublishingEconomicsR.GlennHubbard,AnthonyPatrickO’Brien—1sted.CHAPTER3:WherePricesComeFrom:TheInteractionofDemandandSupplyCompaniesRespondtoaGrowingHispanicPopulation3-2FirmsarerespondingtothetastesofagrowingHispanicpopulation.SomeHomeDepotstores,forexample,includesignsinbothEnglishandSpanish.11of34©2006PrenticeHallBusinessPublishingEconomicsR.GlennHubbard,AnthonyPatrickO’Brien—1sted.CHAPTER3:WherePricesComeFrom:TheInteractionofDemandandSupplyTheDemandSideoftheMarketVariablesThatShiftMarketDemandVariablesThatShiftMarketDemandCurves3-112of34©2006PrenticeHallBusinessPublishin