杭州城市规划virtual_cities_v12

UsingVirtualCitiestoPlanRealCitiesACaseStudyUsingtheVirtualTerrainProjectInHangzhou,ChinaDr.MichaelFlaxmanLecturerinLandscapePlanningHarvardGraduateSchoolofDesignBenDiscoeLeadDeveloper,VirtualTerrainProjectTheOpenPlanningProject(TOPP)CastofCharacters15GraduateStudentsinArchitecture,LandscapeArchitecture&PlanningOneSemesterInterdisciplinaryStudio(doublecourse):Faculty:CarlSteinitz(Architecture&LandscapeArchitecture)MikeFlaxman(Planning,GIS&Visualization)BenDiscoe,LeadDeveloper,VTP(notpictured)StudyAreaLocationSoutheasternChina2hoursSWofShanghaiPublicImageoftheWestlakeandHangzhouHangzhou2000OneoftheMostProsperousCitiesinChina6MillionPeoplePopulationDoublingin20Years15XAutoOwnershipExpectedDesignStrategy•ConclusionofpriorHarvardstudy:•ToprotecttheWestLake,newdevelopmentshouldbedirectedawayfromitandtowardtherivertotheSouth.•BuildNewCityCenterAlongRiver•MakethisareamoreattractivetodevelopmentthantheedgeoftheWestLakeBasicTask:Propose&EvaluateAlternativePlansforHangzhou2020EachAlternativeAccommodatesProjectedGrowth(SameProgram)EvaluatetheVisual,Economic&EnvironmentalConsequencesPresentResultstotheGeneralPublicinFormwhichFostersProductiveDiscussionDesignChallenge:HowtoDevelopandEvaluateCompellingAlternativesforLargeUrbanAreas–Wheretoplacestrategicpublicinvestmentsintransportationinfrastructureandcivicbuildings–Wheretoallowvariouslandusesanddensities/heights–NeedtoestablishopenspacenetworkplanningProblemSummaryTechnicalChallenge:HowtoVisualizeAlternativeFuturesforLargeCitiesandRegions–Efficientlygeneratingmodelsofcurrentconditions–Visualizingmultiplealternativeplansin3D–Visualizingdetaileddesigninbroadercontext–Workflowmustfacilitate“topdown”designConventionalApproachestoCityRepresentationforPlanningSketches-mapsSingle-usezoningrepresentingclassesoflegally-permitteduseBuildingheightsimplicitinzoningProblemswithConventionalRepresentationNobodyunderstandsthemapsexcept(perhaps)theplannerBasicallytooabstract:allconcernedpreferrepresentationwithbuildingmassingstoprovidesenseofscaleTwodimensionalrepresentationofatruly3DproblemVisualizationGoals:Visualrepresentationoffunction,sizeandlocations(not“realism”but“naturalsceneparadigm”)RepresentsomeindividualbuildingsandneighborhoodpatternsAgoodworkingmodel,notjustapolishedfinalrenderingChallenge#1:NumberandDiversityofElementsLandscapeComponentsTerrainBuildingsRoadsVegetationWaterLighting/AtmosphereAnylargelandscapeislikelytocontainallofthesecomponents.Therelativeproportionwillbelocation-specific,buteachcomponentneedsanefficientrepresentation.Challenge#2:InteractivityWorkdoneinparallelby20studentsworkingonPCs(singlehigh-endvisualizationsystemnotpractical)StudentsanddesigncriticsneedtobeabletoviewworkfromanycameraangleDesignrevisionsshouldrequireeditingatthelevelofthecritique(changingzoningratherthanmanuallymoving3000buildings)PotentialRealtimeCityVisualizationApproachesGISVisualizationSystems–ArcScene,ERDASVirtualGISGameEnginesVRML/GeoVRMLCommercialflightsimulationgeneratorsGeneralconclusion–Manytechnicalsolutionswereavailable,butnosingleavailablepackagewassuitableforinteractivecitydesignwithrealGIS/CADWhyTheVirtualTerrainProject?SupportsmostcommonGISformatsCLODterrainsimplificationallowsrealtimeperformanceonnormalPChardwareCangeneratebuildingsprocedurallybasedonfootprintsIntegratesCADmodelswhereavailableCrossPlatformOpenSource,sobothfreeandextensibleVTPFoundationsBuiltatopthreemajorlibraries–OpenSceneGraph•HighPerformance,OpenGL-based•ReadsMany3DFormats:OpenFlight,3DS–wxWindows•Providesmaturecross-platformGUI(Linux,Windows,MacOS)–GDAL(GeographicDataAbstractionLibrary)•Reads/writesmostGISformats•DealswithMapProjections1.Establishdatameaning&representationoptions•Using“Builder”for2DGIS/ImageData•“CultureEditor”for3Dandproxies2.View/EditUsingRuntime“Enviro”VTPVisualizationProcessProductionPipeline1:BaseDataCurrentConditions–Basedatafrom1msatellitescene–Existingbuildingfootprintsfrom1:1000CAD–Elevationfrom1:10Kcontours+spotelevationsProductionPipeline2:BuildingsDevelopedBuildingTypologyDevelopedcustomArcViewscriptstoplacetemplatebuildingfootprintswithattributesGenericbuildingsderivedprocedurallyfromfootprintsinBuilderCustombuildings/bridgesdevelopedinCAD/surfacedin3DS.InsertlocationsspecifiedinGIS.ProductionPipeline3:Terrain&GroundCoverGradingplansdevelopedinGISusingArcViewTinSurfacecoverchangesspecifiedinGISExportedfromGISasanimagefile(BMP)ProductionPipeline4:Vegetation–PlantingplansdonebylandscapearchitectsinGIS(placingstems+plantIDattribute)–StreettreesgeneratedprocedurallyinGISbasedonroadtypeResults:ProcessEfficient:Fourplansinfourweeks–“agoodplanisadoneplan”–Studentswithnoprior3DvisualizationexperiencewereabletoproductivelyusethetoolsEffective:Visualizationsinfluenceddesignchoices–Buildingdensitiesoffirstroundproposals“lookedlikeCleveland”soadjustedupward–VisualizationofgreenspaceandstreettreeshadlargeimpactinpublicreviewsinChinaResultsof“GISTemplatesto3D”StrategyWeaknesses–Nogoodtoolsforbuildingfootprintgeneration/alignment–Generatinggradingpla