语言学-phonetics

Lecture3SpeechSoundsandTheirSystemsComing…PhoneticsPhonology1.Phonetics语音学naturalsoundsspeechsoundsnosystematicmeaningacodesystem.1.1DefinitionSound:themostwidelyusedmediuminhumanlanguage.Phonetics:Thescienceofspeechsounds,whichaimstoprovidethesetoffeaturesorpropertiesthatcanbeusedtodescribeanddistinguishallthesoundsusedinhumanlanguage.1.2ThreePhasesinCommunicationprocessspeakerencodesmeaningintosoundsanduttersstringsofsoundssoundsaretransmittedintheairlistenerperceivessoundsanddecodesthemintomeaningArticulatoryphonetics:（发音语音学）speechproductionbyspeechorgansAcousticphonetics:（声学语音学）physicalpropertiesofspeechsoundsAuditoryphonetics:（听觉语音学）perceptionofspeechsoundsinthehumanauditoryandcognitivesystem1.2ThreePhasesinCommunicationprocessspeakerencodesmeaningintosoundsanduttersstringsofsoundsArticulatoryphonetics:（发音语音学）speechproductionbyspeechorgansArticulatoryphonetics1.3Theprocessofproducingspeechairbreathedinlungsairpressedouttrachea(windpipe)Larynx喉Pharynx咽nasalcavity鼻腔oralcavity口腔1.4ArticulationMan’sselectionofasoundlanguagecametoolatethattherehavehardlybeenanyhumanorgansevolvingspecificallyforverbalarticulationexceptthevocalcords–thinbandsofmuscleinthelarynxattheupperendofaperson’swindpipethatcanbemadetomoverapidlybythepassingofairandthusproducesound.Otherorgansinvolvedintheproductionofspeechevolvedoriginallyforthebasicbiologicalneedsofbreathingandeating,thoughphoneticiansalsocallthemspeechorgans.CavitiesandorgansTheprincipalcavities1.thepharyngealcavity（咽腔）2.theoralcavity（口腔）3.thelabialcavity（唇腔）4.thenasalcavity（鼻腔）Thevocaltract（声道）--thelongtubularstructureformedbythecavities，functioningasaresonancebox.Changingtheshapeoftheboxgivesdifferentspeechsounds.1.5Diagramofthespeechcavities1.6Diagramofthespeechorgans气管喉食道声带会厌咽舌根舌面软腭小舌舌尖硬腭齿龈1.7ConsonantsConsonants:Thesoundsintheproductionofwhichthereisanobstructionoftheairstreamatsomepointofthevocaltract.1.theplaceofarticulation2.themannerofarticulation1.7.1TheplaceofarticulationBilabial双唇音e.g.[p],[m].Labio-dental唇齿音e.g.[f].Dental齿音e.g.[ð]Alveolar齿龈音e.g.[t]Palatal腭音e.g.[j]Palato-alveolar腭龈音e.g.[ʃ]Velar软腭音e.g.[k]Glottal声门音，喉音e.g.[h]Retroflex卷舌音Uvular小舌音Pharyngeal咽音1.7.2ThemannerofarticulationPlosive爆破音e.g.[p],[d].Itbelongstoabroadercategorycalled“stop”[塞音：包括吸塞音(suctionstop)和挤压塞音(pressurestop)]Nasal鼻音e.g.[m]Affricate,塞擦音e.g.[tʃ]Liquid流音e.g.[l],[r]Fricative擦音e.g.[f],[z].（Somefricativesarealsocalledsibilants（丝音）e.g.[s],[ʃ]）Glide滑音e.g.[h],[w]1.7.3EnglishconsonantsBilabialLabio-dentalDentalAlveolarPalato-alveolarPalatalVelarGlotalPlosivepbtdkgricativesfvѲðszʃʒAffricatestʃdʒNasalsmnŋLiquidlrGlidewjh双唇音唇齿音齿音齿龈音腭龈音腭音软腭音声门音爆破音摩擦音破擦音鼻音流音滑音placemanner1.8VowelsVowels:Thesoundsintheproductionofwhichnoarticulatorscomeveryclosetogetherandtheair-streampassesthroughthevocaltractwithoutobstruction.1.thelocationofthetongue2.theopennessofthemouth3.theshapeoflips1.8.1ADiagramofEnglishVowelsTongueMouthfrontcentralbackTongueheightCloseiːiuːʊhighSemi-closeeɜːSemi-openəɔːopenæʌɔɑːlowmid1.7.3Englishconsonantsmonophthonge.g.[u]diphthonge.g.[au][uə]triphthonge.g.[auə]2.Phonology音系学2.1DefinitionPhonology：Thestudiesofthestructureandsystematicpatterningofsoundsinhumanlanguage.Thewordphonologyisusedintwoways,eitherasthestudyofsoundpatternsinlanguageorasthesoundpatternofalanguage.EveryconsonantorvowelisthesmallestunitofsoundwhichcandistinguishtwowordsinEnglish.big–pigbig–bagbig–bin/b//p//i//æ//g//n/Thesedistinctivesoundsarecalledphonemes,whosechangewillleadtothechangeofmeaning.2.2phonemeDifferentphonescanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.PhonePhoneme[ph][p]/p/[ʃ][ʃw]/ʃ/–incomplementarydistribution[phit][spit]2.2allophone2.3BroadtranscriptionandNarrowtranscription3.SuprasegmentalssyllablestresstoneIntonationTheyrelatetoaspectsofpronunciationthatgobeyondtheproductionofindividualsegments.3.1syllablestudentsevenuniversityreallygoodpronunciationopenAsyllableisaunitoforganizationforasequenceofspeechsounds.Forexample,thewordwateriscomposedoftwosyllables:waandter.Asyllableistypicallymadeupofasyllablenucleus(mostoftenavowel)withoptionalinitialandfinalmargins(typically,consonants).Opensyllableabsolute:bar,tie,she,go,dayrelative:game,like,coke,takeClosedsyllablepark,hat,dog,clock3.2Stressgoodstudentuniversity/ֽju:ni'və:siti/pronunciation/prəֽnʌnsi'eiʃən/antidisestablishmentarianismimportimport(n.)(v.)(glasshouseforgrowingplants)nounverb'insultin'sult'producepro'duce'recordre'cord'rebelre'bel'blackbird–aparticularkindofbirdblack'bird–anybirdwithblackfeather'hotdog–aparticularfoodhot'dog–ananimalgreenhousegreenhouse(glasshouseforgrowingplants)(houseprintedgreen)wordstressandsentencestressFixedstressandfreestressfif'teen-Isshesixteenyearsold?-No,sheis'fifteen.Homonymsrose(n)androse(v)saw(n)andsaw(v)HomophonespairandpeardearanddeerSomuchfortoday.