写作教程第2版课件u10

EnglishWritingUnit10Generalization•Paragraphdevelopmentbygeneralizationisverymuchlikeparagraphdevelopmentbyexamples.Bothmakeuseofdevelopers.Onedifferenceisthatthegeneralideaisstatedasaconclusionbasedonseveralexamples,givenasfactsoropinions,whichleadthereadertomakethesameconclusion.Generalization•Onmanyanoccasion,paragraphsdevelopbybeginningwithspecificinstancesanddrawingfromthemageneraltruthorendingwithatopicsentencethatclearlystatesthemainpointoftheparagraph.Thewayofarrivingatconclusionsistheprocessofinductionwhichconsistsinforminggeneralizationsfromasufficientnumberofobservedinstances.•Levelofgenerality•Aparagraphusuallycontainsstatementsatvaryinglevelsofgenerality.Onestatementismoregeneralthananotherifitreferstoalargernumberofspecificcasesorifitattemptstocoverawiderrange;similarly,ifastatementcarriesasmallerportionofthetotalmessage,ittendstobemorespecific.•Theimportanceofasentenceinaparagraphcorrespondscloselytoitslevelofgenerality:themoreimportantastatementisinaparagraph,thehigheritslevelofgenerality.•Lookatthefollowinggroupsofsentences.Ineachgrouponesentenceisageneralizationandtheotherthreearesupportingexamples.Pleasefindoutthegeneralization.•Questions•1.Underlinethegeneralizationineachgroup.•Group1:Themassmediaareoftenbadlyused.•Group2:Televisionhasbadeffectsonpeople.•Group3:Televisioncommercialsdistortthetruthaboutproducts.•2.Studythesegeneralizationsandtheirspecificdetails,anddiscussthelevelsofgeneralityorspecificityofthem.Whatcanweconcludefromthediscussion?•ThegeneralizationinGroup2servesasanexampleinGroup1.ThegeneralizationinGroup3,inturn,illustratesthatinGroup2.Thereforeitcanbeconcludedthatthethreegeneralizationshavedifferentlevelsofgenerality.•Besides,thesentence“Televisionhasbadeffectsonpeople”isanexampleinGroup1andageneralizationinGroup2.Similarly,thesentence“Televisioncommercialsdistortthetruthaboutproducts”isanexampleinGroup2andageneralizationinGroup3.•Thuswecansaythatthelevelofgeneralitydependsonthecontext.•3.Rearrangethesesentencestomakeawell-developedpassageendingwiththemostgeneralstatement.Uselinkingwordswherenecessary.•Referenceanswer:•What’stheeffectofthemassmedia?Toothpastedoesnotmaketeethwhite;thesafetyofelectricalgoodsisexaggerated;manywidely-advertisedpain-killersarenoteffective.Infact,televisioncommercialsoftendistortthetruthaboutproducts.Besides,crimefilmson•televisionencourageviolenceandtelevisiondocumentariesstoppeoplefromthinkingindependently,whichshowsthattelevisionhasbadeffectsonpeople.Furthermore,thefactthatnewspapersonlygivesensationalnewsandradioprogramsareusuallysuperficialprovesthatmassmediaareoftenbadlyused.•FaultyGeneralization•Readthefollowingsentences,anddecidewhethertheyaregoodgeneralization.Ifnot,giveyourreason(s).•1.SomeAmericansfromHollywoodaremoviestars.Allmoviestarsarerich;therefore,allAmericansarerich.•2.OnTV,IsawGeorgeBushsigningdocumentswithhislefthand.IsawRonaldReagansigningdocumentswithhislefthand.IsawBillClintonsigningdocumentswithhislefthandduringhisrecenttriptoChina.Clearly,allAmericanpresidentsareleft-handed.•Botharefaultygeneralizations.•Sentence1.ThesentencemovesfromsomeAmericanstoaconclusiondrawnonallAmericans.Thisisaproblemofovergeneralization.•Sentence2.Theparticularinstancesareinadequatetosupportthegeneralconclusion,sothisstatementhasaproblemofhastygeneralization.•Pleasemakeaconclusionfromthetwosentences.•Faultygeneralizationisoneofthecommonestlogicalfallacies,sometimescalledthehastyorunqualifiedgeneralization.Itcanfrequentlybetracedtotheunqualifieduseofsuchabsolutewordsasall,always,anyone,best,every,everyone,everything,greatest,least,most,never,no,none,nothingandworst.•Inmanycases,eliminatingtheunqualifiedwordsolvestheproblem.Itisverydifficulttomakeageneralizationthatisairtight,especiallyregardingacontroversialtopic.Soweshouldbeawareofthisfactandtrytomakeourgeneralizationsaslimitedaspossible.•Thebroaderthegeneralization,themorelikelyitisinerror.•LinkingDevices•Accordingtothetwosamples,pleaseanswerthequestions.•Whichparagraphdoyoufindeasiertoread?Why?•ParagraphBiseasiertounderstandandsmoothertoread,becauseithasthesentenceslinkedtogetherbysentenceconnectors,whichmakethewritingmorecoherent.•Now,workingroupsandfindoutthosewordsorphrasesthatindicaterelationshipsbetweenspecificdetailsandgeneralinformation.•First,•furthermore,•atthesametime,•such…that•Canyouthinkofanyotherexpressionindicatinggeneralization?••Therefore,consequently,thus,then,asaresult,insummary,toconclude,last,accordingly,inconsequence,allinall,inshort,so,thepointis,hence,inbrief,inconclusion,tosumup,generally,asageneralrule,ingeneral,onthewholeUnitSummary•Whenyoureasonfromspecifictogeneral,youcollectseparatefactsandideas,andthendrawageneralconclusionfromthosepiecesofinformationorevidence.Movingfromspecifictogeneralisakindofinductivereasoning.Writerswhodeveloptheirideasbythismethodoftenexpresstheirconclusioninaformalthesisstatementortopicsentenceattheendofthewriting.