刘润清《新编语言学教程》Syntax教学课件

ThedefinitionofsyntaxAsubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.Specifically,itstudiesthecombinationofwordstoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.句法学简介Ingenerativelinguistics,syntax,phonologyandsemanticsarethemajorconstituentsofgrammar.Syntaxconsistsofvariousgenerativesyntacticalrules:s-rule，phraseruleandtransformationalrule.Syntacticalconstructioniscomposedofsyntacticclassesandsyntacticcategories.Syntacticalanalysisisbasedonlexicalitemsandsyntacticrelationships.BasicConcepts•Constituent组构成分:grammaticalunitsthatentersyntacticallyormorphologicallyintoaconstructionatanylevel•immediateconstituent（IC）直接成分:constituentsdirectlybelowthelevelofaconstruction•ultimateconstituent(UC)最终成分:lastlevelofconstituentsImmediateConstituentAnalysis(ICAnalysis)---byLeonardBloomfield(1887-1949)Breakingasentencedowntoitsconstituentelementsuntilthesmallestgrammaticalunit,i.e.morphemes,e.g.Poor||John|ran||away.constituentimmediateconstituentsultimateconstituentspoorJohn,ranawaypoor,John,ran,awayAdvantagesofICanalysis1.Ithelpstoaccountfortheambiguityofcertainconstructions.e.g.ThesonofPharaoh’sdaughteristhedaughterofPharaoh’sson.2.Itclearlydemonstratesthatsentencesarenotmereleft-to-rightlinearsequencesofelements.Instead,elementscomeintorelationshipsofgreatcomplexityandvaryingkinds.(胡壮麟，P125-126)ThesonofPharaoh’sdaughteristhedaughterofPharaoh’sson=（1）ThedaughterofPharaoh’sson法老儿子的女儿=（2）ThedaughterofPharaoh’sson法老女儿的儿子DisadvantagesofICAnalysis1.Itresultsintechnicalproblemsduetodiscontinuousconstituents.E.g.Leave+thebook+ontheshelf.2.Itresultsinambiguityproblems.E.g.theloveofGod,theshootingofthehunters(胡壮麟，P128)ExerciseWorkinpairstoanswerthequestion:WhataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofICanalysis?BasiccomponentsofasentenceSentenceSubjectPredicateareferringexpressioncomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandsayssomethingaboutthesubjectLexicalitem语项--labelsattachedto“words”.“Lexicalitem”isatermassociatedwithdictionariesorlexicons.Ittakesanabstractviewofwords.--awordhasmoreorlessconsistentmeaning,butcandifferbecauseofgrammaticalfunction.e.g.do/did/done/doing/doesareparticularformsofthelexicalitemdo.IntroductionLexicalcategories词汇范畴Thenamegiventoclassesintowhichlexicalitemsaregrouped.--Therearetraditionally8classes:Noun,Pronoun,Verb,Adjective….--Modernlinguistictheorieshavemore,rangingfrom12-140+!--TheyarealsoknownaspartsofspeechandwordclassesClassificationofLexicalItems•Howarewordsclassifiedintoclasses?--Phonologicalcriteria“ToinCREASEthenumberofstudents,weneedanIncreaseinfunding.”--Semanticcriteria,structuralambiguity“Flyingplanescanbedangerous”·ifyouliveundertheflightpath.·ifyouhaven’tgotapilot’slicense.--NotionalcriteriaClassDenotationNounentity(car,house,Mr.Bean)Verbaction(eat,push,sleep)Adjectivestate(green,happy,sleepy)Adverbmannerinwhichtheactionisdone(smoothly,quickly)Prepositiondenotationofposition(fromtheback)Determinerawordwhichspecifies(thislecture)--MorphologicalcriteriaSomewordshaveasimilarpatternofinflectionasothers:wordwordscomputercomputerspeoplepeoplesWordsthathaveasimilarmorphologicalbehavioraregrouped.Therewillbeexceptions,butthisdoesnotinvalidatethegeneralmethod.--DistributivecriteriaEvidenceisfoundbyexaminingthepositioninwhichwordscanoccurinasentence:knownasthedistributionofwords.Allwordsofasimilarclassshouldseemnaturallyintuitiveandwordsthatdon’tfitcanbeusedtoconstructotherclasses.So,Everyonelikesbear.Everyonelikescars.EveryonelikesHarryPotter.*Everyonelikeseats.But,becareful!Colourlessgreenideassleepcuriously.Oops!OpenandClosedClassesLexicalitemscanbegroupedinto“open”and“closed”classes.--OpenclassesNewmembersarefrequentlyaddedandtheyaregenerallycontentwords.--ClosedclassesThesehavearelativelyfixedmembershipandtheyaregenerallyfunctionwords.Recapture•ICAnalysis•LexicalCategorizationCriteriaLexicalcategories词汇范畴Thenameisgiventoformalobjectsthatareallowedtoappearasanodeinatree(phrasesaredescribedastrees).Syntacticcategories句法范畴Commonmonadiccategoriesare:1.SSentence-Thelargestcategorycapableofsyntacticcategorization--Isawthebigaeroplane.--Howlargeistheplane?--RobwasflownbytheaeroplanewhichJanesaw.2.PhraseStructureNVAPwordlevelNPVPAPPPphraselevelNPNounPhrase--Definedasacategorythatcanbearsomegrammaticalfunctioninasentence,e.g.assubjectordirectobject.TypesofNPNPNPNPNPNPron.DetNDetAdjNJohnhe,we,shea,the,appletheredapplethis,thatNPNPDetNPPNPSastoryabouttheherothepersonwhotalkedtomeVPVerbPhrase-Acategoryconsistingofaverb,itscomplements(补语）anditsadjuncts(附加语).--Johnputthebookonthetable.(thebookandonthetablearecomplementsofput)--Thegirlsawthewomanintheparkwiththetelescope(intheparkandwiththetelescopearetheadjunctsofsaw)TypesofVPVPVPVPVNPVPPVShittheballspeakaboutthebooksaidthathehadtoldliesVPVPVAdvVrunfastLook!PPPrepositionalPhrase-Aphrasecontainingaprepositionandanounphrase.--onthetable.--inthepark--withthetelescopeItispossibletohaveaPPwithinaPP:--intheparkwiththetelescopePPAPPNPDegAdjaboutthebookverylittleAboyfoundtheSNPVPNVNPN1.TheSRuleSNPVPDetDetevidenceSyntacticalRules2.PhraseStructu