英国文学--Edmund-Spencer(1552-1599)

EdmundSpencer(1552-1599)LifeAchievementsinliteratureMasterpieceQualitiesofSpenser’spoetryLifeBorninLondonin1552toamerchantfamily.EducatedinCambridge,gettingM.A.in1576.SecretarytoLordGreyofWilton,theQueen’sdeputyinIrelandin1580.GivinganimmenseestatewiththecastleofKilcolminIrelandin1586.Marriedin1594.ForcetoabandonKilcolmanCastlebyafierceIrishrebellionin1598.Death“forwantofbread”inJan.1599,buriedinthe“Poets’Corner”.LiteratureachievementsTheShepherdsCalendar1579TheFairyQueen1580-1599Epithalamion1594(oneofthemostbeautifulweddinghymns)TheFairyQueenPrincipalintention:（原始构思）topresentthrougha“historicalpoem”theexampleofaperfectgentleman,“tofashionagentlemanornoblepersoninvirtuousandgentlediscipline.”planning12virtuesoftheprivategentleman,and12books,eachonewithadifferentherodistinguishedforoneoftheprivatevirtues.Theheroofheroes,whopossessesallofthevirtues,isArthur,toplayaroleineachofthe12majoradventures,thustherecurringappearancesofArthurserveasaunifyingelementforthepoemasawhole.AnothercharactercontributingtotheunityoftheworkisGloriana,theFairyQueen,theQueenofFairyland,whichrepresentsbothgloryandQueenElizabeth.Only6bookscompleted,withthe6virtues:holiness,temperance,chastity,friendship,justice,courtesy.（神圣，节欲，贞洁，友谊，正义，礼貌。）QualitiesofSpenser’spoetryAperfectmelody.完美的音律Araresenseofbeauty.罕见的美感Asplendidimagination.壮丽的想象Aloftymoralpurityandseriousness.高尚而纯洁、严肃的道德Adedicatedidealism.绝对的理想主义Poets’poetSpenserianstanza(seepage38)ProseWritingandFrancisBacon(1561-1626)LifeAchievementsQuotesEssaysReferencewebsitesBaconTimeLine1561,January22,borninthefamilyofSirNicholasBacon(KeeperofPrivySealtoQueenElizabethI);wonthefavoroftheQueen,whooncetermedhim“theYoungLordKeeper”.1573,wenttoCambridgeTrinityCollege.三一学院1579,father'sdeathleaveshimpennilesssohebeginsacareerinlawaftergraduation;mostsuccessfullawyertheninEngland.1584,memberoftheHouseofCommonsforhisgoodjudgmentandeloquence.1613,becameattorneygeneral1617,madelordkeeperoftheseal,thesameofficehisfatherhadheld.1618,(afterJamesIcametoEngland)becameLordChancellor&madeapeer.上院议员;Butwhilerising,hemadeenemies.1621,chargedwithbriberyandfoundguiltyuponhisownadmission;finedfortythousandpounds,sentencedtotheTowerofLondon,prohibitedfromholdingofficeforthestate,andprohibitedfromsittingonparliament.ThesentencewasreducedandnofinewaspaidandonlyfourdayswerespentintheTowerbutheneveragainheldofficeorsatforparliament.1626,March,whiledrivingnearHighgate,decidedtoexperimentwiththeeffectofcoldonthedecayofmeat,purchasedafowlandstuffeditwithsnow.Catchingacoldanddevelopingbronchitis,diedonApril9.Bacon’sachievementsfounderofmodernscienceinEngland.*asurveyoftheaccomplishmentsofscienceuptohistime.*anexaminationofwhyithasnotachievedmore.*acomprehensivecollectionofthefactsofnaturetoapplythenewinstrument.famousforhis“Essays”;thefirstEnglishessayist.1597,10essayspublished.1605,“AdvancementofLearning”.1620,“NewInstrument”:induction,theinductivemethodofreasoning.归纳法1625,collectionof58essayswithwidevarietyofsubjects:love,truth,friendship,parentsandchildren,beauty,studies,riches,youthandage,garden,death,etc.QuotesofBaconMenfeardeathaschildrenfeartogointhedark,andasthatnaturalfearinchildrenisincreasedwithtales,soistheother.Studiesservefordelight.Readingmakesafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.Allcolorswillagreeinthedark.Childrensweetenlabors,buttheymakemisfortunesmorebitter.Awisemanwillmakemoreopportunitiesthanhefinds.Ifamanshouldbegracioustostrangers,heshowsthatheisacitizenoftheworld.Stayabitlater,thatwemaymakeanendsooner.OFMARRIAGEANDSINGLELIFEHethathathwifeandchildrenhathgivenhostagestofortune;fortheyareimpedimentstogreatenterprises,eitherofvirtueormischief.Certainlythebestworks,andofgreatestmeritforthepublic,haveproceededfromtheunmarriedorchildlessmen,whichbothinaffectionandmeanshavemarriedandendowedthepublic.…Butthemostordinarycauseofasinglelifeisliberty,especiallyincertainself-pleasingandhumorousminds,whicharesosensibleofeveryrestraint,astheywillgoneartothinktheirgirdlesandgarterstobebondsandshackles.Unmarriedmenarebestfriends,bestmasters,bestservants,butnotalwaysbestsubjects,fortheyarelighttorunaway,andalmostallfugitivesareofthatcondition.Asinglelifedothwellwithchurchmen,forcharitywillhardlywaterthegroundwhereitmustfirstfillapool.Itisindifferentforjudgesandmagistrates,foriftheybefacileandcorruptyoushallhaveaservantfivetimesworsethenawife…wivesayoungmen’smistresses.companionsformiddleage,andoldmen’snurses,soasamanmayhaveaquarreltomarrywhenhewill,Butyethewasreputedoneofthewisementhatmadeanswertothequestionswhenamanshouldmarry:”Ayoungmannotyet,aneldermannotatall.”Itisoftenseenthatbadhusbandshaveverygoodwives;whetheritbethatitraiseththepriceoftheirhusband’kindnesswhenitcomes,orthatthewivestakeaprideintheirpatience.Butthisneverfails,ifthebadhusbandwereoftheirownchoosing,against’consent;forthentheywillbesuretomakegoodtheirownfolly.夫人之有妻儿也不啻已向命运典质，从此难成大事，无论善恶。兴大业，立大功，往往系未婚无儿者所为，彼辈似已与公众结亲，故爱情产业并以付之。按理而论，有子女者应对未来岁月最为关切，因已将至亲骨肉托付之矣。独身者往往思虑仅及己身，以为未来与己