初中定语从句讲解

1一、定义：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。定语定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语（动词不定式短语、动名词短语和分词短语）或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。主要由形容词担任，此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。定语从句是指在一个句子中作定语的句子，定语从句要放在所修饰的词后。如：1)Themanwholivesnexttousisapoliceman.2)YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo.上面两句中的man和everything是定语从句所修饰的词，叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的词有关系代词that,which,who(宾格whom,所有格whose),as和关系副词where,when、why关系词常有三个作用：1、引导定语从句2、代替先行词3、在定语从句中担当一个成分一，请分析一下定语从句：(请划出定语从句，并标出先行词)1.Checkthethingsthatyouhave.2.AnotherthingthatIfoundverydifficultwasEnglishgrammar.3.Youcouldn’tunderstandpeoplewhotalkedfast.24.Ihavesomeideasthatmayhelp.5.Theysaidsomethingthatyoudidn’tlike.6.Canyouthinkofanyproblemsyouhavehadrecently?8.HewouldalwaystakeprideineverythinggoodIdo.9.MyfriendsandItalkedabouttherulesthatwehaveinschool.10.Whataresomeoftherulesthatateenagershouldobey?12.Ifyouknowanyoneelsewhocollectsthem,pleasetellme.13.Standingveryclosetothepersonyouaretalkingwithisquitecommoninsomecountries.14.Ifyouknowsomeoneyouknowdoingthis,youcanaskthem.15.AllIeverwantedtodowastraveling.二;定语从句的分类：限定性定语从句&非限定性定语从句定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句是句中不可缺少的部分，主从句之间不能用逗号隔开。非限定性定语从句则要用逗号与主句隔开，去掉时并不影响主句意思。如：MybrotherwholivesinNewYorkhassixchildren.(可能还有其他兄弟)Mybrother,wholivesinNewYork,hassixchildren.(只有这一个兄弟)3二、关系代词引导的定语从句：who,whom,whose,which,that,as1.who指人，在从句中做主语(1)TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.(2)YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwholosthisway.2.whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。(1)Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedabout.注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。(3)Themanwho/whomyoumetjustnowismyfriend.3.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略(1)Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.(which在句子中做主语)(2)Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.(which在句子中做宾语)4.that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。(5)Thepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityareallhere.(在句子中做主语)(6)Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?(在句子中做宾语)45.whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语(1)Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.(2)Ilivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin.whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替(3)Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.=Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.(5)Doyoulikethebookwhosecolorisyellow?=Doyoulikethebookthecolorofwhichisyellow?6.as引导的定语从句1.在限定性定语从句中，as多和such和thesame连用。（1）Suchpeopleaswereinvitedbyhimweretheengineersofthefactory.他邀请的人都是那家工厂的工程师。(2)ThisisthesamethingasIneed.这和我要的东西是一样的。2.在非限定性定语从句中，as所指代的是它前面整个主句。位置很灵活。（1）Sheisverypatient,asisshowninherwork.(2)Ascanbeseen,oceanscovermorethan70%oftheearth.5(3)Einstein,asiswellknown,isafamousscientist.注1：that用法(1)不用that的情况(a)在引导非限定性定语从句时。(错)Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,Isveryfamoushere.(b)介词后不能用。Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.Wedependonthelandthat/whichwegetourfoodfrom.(2)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况(a)在therebe句型中，只用that，不用which。1.ThereisabookonthedeskthatbelongstoJack.(b)在不定代词，如：anything,nothing,theone,all等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。1．Isthereanything(that)Icandoforyou?2.That’sall(that)Iknownow.3.Allthatisneededisasupplyofoil.所需的只是供油问题。64.Finally,thethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolentothepolice.那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。(c)先行词有theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast,just修饰时，只用that。1.Heistheonlypersonthatwaspresent(在现场的)atthetime.2.Itistheverycar(that)Isawintheaccident.(d)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that,不能用which。1.ThisisthebestTVsetthatismadeinChina.2.LiYundiwasthefirstChinesethatwonthisprize.(e)先行词既有人，又有物时。1.IstillrememberthepeopleandthethingsthatImetinAmerican.(f)先行词指物，在主句中作表语时．1.Isthisthebookthatyouborrowedinthelibrary?(g)为了避免重复．1.Hebuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.(h)先行词是theway或thereason时，that可作关系副词，也可省略71.Thisistheway(that)helearnsEnglish.(不能用how)(i)主句的主语是疑问词who/which时1.Whothatbreakthewindowshouldbepunished．谁打碎了窗户都要受到惩罚.注2：只用who的情形a.当先行词是one,ones,anyone或those等时；1.Anyonewhodoesthatmustbemad.任何那样做的人肯定疯了。2.Thosewhodaretobreakthelawwillbepunished.违法者将受到惩罚。b.在therebe结构中，先行词是人时；1.Thereisayoungmanwhowantstoseeyou.c.当先行词是人，后有较长修饰语时；1.ImetafriendofmineintheparkyesterdaywhohadgotthreegoldmedalsintheAsianGames.d.为了避免重复或引起歧义。1.ThemanthatspokeatthemeetingisournewheadteacherwhohasjustcomefromShanghai.e.当先行词是I,you,he,they等时（常用于谚语中）；81.Hewhoplayswithfiregetsburned.玩火者必自焚。二、用关系代词填空：that、which、who、whom、whose1.Theman_________wantstoseeyouisattheoffice.2.Thestudent___________answeredthequestionisZhangHua.3.Theman__________youwenttoseehascome.4.Theman___________Imetyesterdaylentmesomemoney.5.Thewoman_______________yousawisourgeographyteacher.6.Therunner________________youareaskingaboutisoverthere.7.Theperson______________youshouldwritetoisMr.Ball.8.Theman___________waspassingbysawwhathappened.9.Hereisthepen_________youlostthedaybeforeyesterday.10.Thesebooks_____________youlentmewereveryuseful.11.Thestorybook____________Ihavejustreadcannotbeeasilyforgotten.12.Aclockisamachine______tellspeoplethetime.13.Thisistheveryshirt_______________Iboughtyesterday.914.Adictionaryisabook_____________givesthemeaningtotheword.15.Thebook____________isonthetableismine.三、关系副词引导定语从句关系副词关系副词：在句中作状语关系副词=介词+关系代词why=forwhichwhere=in/at/on/...which(介词同先行词搭配)when=