英语句法结构

英语句法概论英语句子概论•基本成分•附属成分•独立成分•省略成分•连接成分•简单句•并列句•复合句•主语＋不及物动词（S+Vi）•主语＋及物动词＋宾语(S+Vt+O)•主语＋系动词＋表(S+LV+predicative)•主语＋双宾动词+间宾+直宾(S+Vt+O.indir+O.dir)•主语＋宾补动词＋宾语＋宾语补语•(S+Vt.+O+O.complement)•There+be/stand/lie/live...简单句的五种基本句型主语、动词（不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词)、宾语及补语可以称为基本句子成分。完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分，至多4个基本成分。nounadj./adv.infinitiveV-ingV-edetc.主语谓语宾语宾语宾补表语宾语(间)宾语(直)VtV-lViNoun/PronounThe+adjV-ing/ClauseInfinitiveNoun/Pronoun/The+adjV-ing/Clause/Infinitivebe/feel/seem/lookappear/stand/liebecome/get/grow/turngo/come/remain/keeptaste/smelletc.nounpronounadj./adv.infinitiveV-ing/V-edclauseetc.主语＋不及物动词Shecame．/Myheadaches.主语＋及物动词＋宾语ShelikesEnglish.主语＋系动词＋主语补语Sheishappy．主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语ShegaveJohnabook．Sheboughtabookforme.主语＋宾补动词＋宾语＋宾语补语Shemakeshermotherangry．Theteacheraskedmetoreadthepassage.There+beThereliesabookonthedesk.Practice简单句基本句型实例主语：是句子要说明的人或物,可以作主语的成分有名词，代词,动词不定式,动名词,从句等,主语一般在句首。•1)Mr.Chenisawell-knownscientist.•2)Hereadsnewspaperseveryday.•3)Twoandsixiseight.•4)Smokingisharmfultothehealth.•5)ToswiminKunmingLakeisagreatpleasure.•6)Whatweshalldonextisnotyetdecided.谓语:说明主语的动作，状态或特征。•1)Thenewtermbeginsonthe1stofSeptember.•2)Herfatherisanengineer.•3)Sheseemedtired.•4)LiHuashowedmehisalbum.宾语:指的是及物动词涉及到的人或物.•1)WangLinglentmeanoveltoreadinthebus.•2)Themedicineisgoodforacough.•3)Howmanynotebooksdoyouwant?•4)Mylittlesisteralwayslikestoaskquestions.•5)Wouldyoumindcomingearliertomorrow?•6)HeaskedmewhatIwasgoingtodoinsummer.宾语补足语:在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作,状态,特征.•1)Thegovernmentappointedherchiefdelegatetotheconference.•2)Idon’tbelievethestorytrue.•3)Youshouldputyourthingsinorder.•4)Thedoctoradvisedhertostayinbedforaweek.•5)Wesawthepupilsplayingbasketball.附属成分基本成分的修饰语。可以是：•定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句•状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。（状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。）•同位语：名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，可以是名词，代词或从句，近乎于后置定语。定语Tomisahandsomeboy.PoorJohntotteredtowardahospitalnearby．HisboyneedsTom'spen.TheboyintheclassroomneedsapenShelikesorangesimportedfromtheUSA.JohngaveMarymanybooks，whicharefullofillustrations．Haveyouseenthebookonthedesk?Theboyplayingoverthereismybrother.Peopletherelikesports.Johnoftencametochatwithme．Johnlikesorangesverymuch．Wheneverhegetsdrunk，JohnmakesMaryveryangry．Hearingthenews,hejumpedwithjoy.Ashewasill,hedidn’tcometoclassyesterday.Sheissittingatthedesk,doingherhomework.Myfatherworkedinthisschooltenyearsago.You’dbetterstayhere.状语同位语•Westudentsshouldstudyhard.•Weallarestudents.•Thenewsthatheisleavingspreadsaround.(students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’）(all是we的同位语）（that从句是news的同位语）Examples:Oh！Whatisthat！（惊叹词）Hehas，alas，failedagain．Comehere，John．（呼语）Rollon，Ocean，rollon．句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。这种成分和句子的其他词没有语法的关系。独立成分（You）Comehere．（Iwishyou）Goodluck！Somegavehimpraises，butothers（gavehim）rotteneggs．Herunsasfastas,if(hedoes)not(run)faster,thanyou.(I)Hopeyoulikeit.JohnshouldcleantheroomtodayandPeter(shouldcleanit)tomorrow.句中被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一定的意思：省略成分连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做并列连词。另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫从属连词。从属连词主要用于引导各种从句。一个完整的句子（主句或从句）必须包含2个到4个基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分。连接成分用符号标出下列句子的成分：•1)Isawyouruncleintheshopyesterday.•2)HerfatherbecameaPartymemberin1950.•3)Tosleeponaspringbedisverycomfortable.•4)Mr.HopkinsteachesMaryEnglish.•5)Shefindsithardtolearnmaths.=~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~[][][]~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~()简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种。•作一种陈述•提出一个问题•发出一种命令或请求•表示一种感叹Examples:Theboyhitthedog./Thedogbittheboy.Thegirlreadthebooks./Thebookspleasedthegirl.Stephenapologizedatonce.Doestheshopcloseat7tonight?Shutthedoor.Whataslowtrainthisis!简单句的基本词序主语动词部分宾语状语（谓语）方式地点时间Iboughtahatyesterday.Thechildrenranhome.Thetaxidrivershoutedatmeangrily.Weateourmealinsilence.Thecarstoppedsuddenly.Ayounggirlwalkedconfidentlyintheroom.Theydrovehimawayinapolicecar.简单句的扩展成份简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语（如定语）来扩展，及物动词或不及物动词也可以与其它短语（如状语）连用进行扩展。Iboughtaraincoatwithawarmlining.Thedogjumpedthroughthewindow.Heissavinguptobuyamobilephone.Abrightlittleboywithrosycheeksputthreebottlesofmilkquietlyonmydoorstepbeforeseveno’clock.HeworkedlikeamadmaninthegardenonSaturday.Theyounggirlwithlongblackhairseemstobeveryhappy.两个简单句的主语可以连词and、but、both..and、either…or、neither…nor、notonly…butalso等连词连接组成一个简单句，但应注意主语和谓语动词的一致性。ThebossisflyingtoParis.HissecretaryisflyingtoParis.ThebossandhissecretaryareflyingtoParis.BoththebossandhissecretaryareflyingtoParis.ThebossisflyingtoRome.HissecretaryisnotflyingtoRome.ThebossbutnothissecretaryisflyingtoRome.ThebossmaybeflyingtoBerlin.HissecretarymaybeflyingtoBerlin.EitherthebossorhissecretaryisflyingtoBerlin.ThebossisnotflyingtoYork.Hissecretaryisn’tflyingtoYork.NeitherthebossnorhissecretaryisflyingtoYork.主语、谓语、宾语的合并两个简单句的宾语可由and、both…and等连词连接组成一个简单句。ImetJane.Imetherhusband.ImetJaneandherhusband.ImetbothJaneandherhusband.Itwascold.Itwaswet.Itwascoldandwet.Ididn’tmeetJane.Ididn’tmeetherhusband.Ididn’tmeeteitherJaneorherhusband.ImetneitherJanenorherhusband.两个或两个以上限定动词也可合并为一个简单句。Wesangallnight.Wedancedallnight.Wesanganddancedallnight.主语、谓语、宾语的合并并列句需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号或把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来，这种结构即构成一个并列