跨文化交际-资料整理

·Enculturation文化习得:Theprocessoflearningone’sownculture·Acculturation文化适应:Adaptthecultureslearningbytheothercultures·VerbalInterculturalCommunication非言语行为:Peoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundscommunicatewithotherpeoplethroughlanguage.·Socialculturalelements:①culturalvalues②worldview③socialorganization·globalization：①referstotheestablishmentofaworldeconomy,inwhichnationalbordersarebecominglessandlessimportantastransnationalcorporations,existingeverywhereandnowhere,dobusinessinaglobalmarket.②alsoreferstowhatiscalledtime-spacecompression.(theincreasingglobalmobilityofpeople/theimpactofnewelectronicmediaonhumancommunication)·humanneeds:①physiological（fundamentalneed）②safty③thebelongingness(love,affection)④theesteem(respect)⑤self-actualization(reachone’spotential)·文化冰山理论（EdwardTHall）:Culturelikeanicebergcanbedividedintotwoparts:cultureabovethewaterlineandculturebelowthewaterline.Cultureabovethewaterlineisexplicit,visible,tangible,easytochangewithtime,atipoftheiceberg.Culturebelowthewaterlineisimplicit,invisible,intangible,hardtochangewithtime,themajority.·culture:canbedefinedasthecoherent,learned,sharedviewofagroupofpeopleaboutlife’sconcernsthatrankswhatisimportant,furnishesattitudesaboutwhatthingsareappropriate,anddictatesbehavior.·languageandculture:①languagereflectstheenvironmentinwhichwelive.②reflectsculturalvalues③languagelives,itchangesovertime.④language–and-culturalisembeddedinculturalproducts,practices,perspectives,communities,andpersons.language–and-culturalaretwosidesofthesamecoin,membersofthecultureusetheirlanguagetoportraytheirculture,toputtheirculturalperspectivesintopractice.Languageunitesproducts,practices,perspectives,communities,andpersons.·文化维度culturaldimensions(GeertHofstede):individualism-collectivism，uncertainyavoidance，powerdistance，masculinity-femininity，long-termvsshort-term.·communication:①元素：context,participants(affectingaspectsarerelationship,gender,culture),messages(meaning,symbols,encodinganddecoding),channels(soundandsight),noise(external,internal,semantic),feedback.②过程，本质：dynamicprocess不断变化;symbolic象征的;systemic影响全局;complex;involvesmakinginferences;hasaconsequence.③作用：communicationisaprocessinvolvingtheexchangeofmessagesandthecreationofmeaning.Itiseffectivetotheextentthatweareabletominimizemisunderstanding.Generally,thegreaterourculturalandlinguisticknowledge,andthemoreourbeliefsoverlapwiththepeoplewithwhomwecommunicate,thelesslikelihoodtherewillbemisunderstandings.④方式：highinvolvement高度卷入(Talkmore,Interruptmore,Expecttobeinterrupt.Talkmoreloudlyattimes,Talkmorequicklythanthosefromculturesfavoring“highconsiderateness”)。。highconsiderateness高度体谅⑤言语交际方式:1）person-oriented/status-orientedverbalstyles：=individual-centeredverbalmode，emphasizestheimportanceofinformality&rolesuspensionsymmetricalinteractionrespectingunique,personalidentity/=role-centeredverbalmode，formality&largepowerdistance，asymmetrical，honoringprescribedpower-basedmembershipidentities2）Self-enhancement(boastingaboutone’saccomplishmentsandabilities)/Self-effacement(emphasizestheimportanceofhumblingverbalrestraints,modesttalk)⑥非言语交际作用:repeating,complementing,substituting,regulating,contradicting。。nonverbalbehaviorfunctionsasaculturallyrule-governedcommunicationsystem.Therulesaregovernedbyculture,andtherulesandnonverbalbehaviordifferamongcultures.·高低语境high-context(Mexico,Japan,theMiddleEast)/low-context(Germany,UK,US):①定义：Ahigh-context(HC)communicationormessageisoneinwhichmostoftheinformationiseitherinthephysicalcontextorinternalizedintheperson,whileverylittleisinthecoded,explicit,transmittedpartofthemassage.Alow-context(LC)communicationisjusttheopposite;i.e.,themassofinformationisvestedintheexplicitcode.②features：low-contextemphasizesdirecttalk,person-orientedfocus,self-enhancementmode,andtheimportanceoftalk.//high-context,stressesindirecttalk,status-orientedfocus,self-effacementmode,andtheimportanceofnonverbalsignalsandevensilence.·孔子confucianism:isnotareligionbutasetofpracticalprinciplesandethicalrulesfordailylife.①socialorderandstabilityarebasedonunequalrelationshipsbetweenpeople.(leaderandfollower,fatherandson,husbandandwife,olderbrotherandyoungerbrother,friends)②thefamilyistheprototypeforallsocialrelationships③propersocialbehaviorconsistsofnottreatingothersasyouwouldnotliketobetreatedyourself④peopleshouldbeskilled,educated,hardworking,thrity,modest,patient,andpersevering.·theSapir-WhorfHypothesis:Ahypothesisholdingthatthestructureofalanguageaffectstheperceptionsofrealityofitsspeakersandthusinfluencestheirthoughtpatternsandworldviews.Italertedpeopletothefactthatlanguageiskeyedtothetotalculture,andthatitrevealsapeople’sviewofitstotalenvironment.·stereotype:isafixednotionaboutpersonsinacertaincategory,withnodistinctionsmadeamongindividuals.Inotherwords,itisanovergeneralizedandoversimplifiedbeliefweusetocategorizeagroupofpeople.·prejudice:anattitudebasedonerroneousbeliefsorpreconceptions.包括verbalabuse,physicalavoidance,discrimination,physicalattack,massacre.如何解决：wesuggestthatempathyisthemaincommunicationskillweshouldlearn.E