英美概况美国部分整理

AmericaTheFoundingofColonies殖民地的建立FirstInhabitants：AmericanIndiansDiscoveryoftheNewWorld：1492ChristopherColumbus→thediscovererofAmerica(Italian)SpanishQueen’ssupport1501-2AmerigoVespucci→thenewlandwasnameafterhimasAmerica.reachedthemouthofAmazonRiverAmerica—theNewWorldEurope—theOldWorld13colonies：NewEnglandColonies:MidAtlanticColonies:SouthernColonies:Massachusetts→（2ndcolony，1620）NewYorkMarylandNewHampshirePennsylvaniaVirginia→（1stcolony，1607）RhodeIslandDelawareNorthCarolinaConnecticutSouthCarolinaGeorgia→（thelastcolony，1733）NewEnglandRegion（6个）:Massachusetts,RhodeIsland,Connecticut,NewHampshire,MaineandVermont建立原因：Virginia,1607VirginiaCompanyForforeignexpansionasawayofeasingreligiousdisputeandeconomicdistressinEngland105men(nowomen)JamestowninhonorofthekingMassachusettsIn1620102Puritans(“PilgrimFathers”),inMayflower,fromPlymouthinEnglandtoAmericaFirstinPlymouth(today’sMassachusetts);andthenBostonSeekreligiousfreedomMayflowerCompact五月花号公约：self-governmentHardshipswhenarrivedthehelpoftheIndiansThanksgivingDaytothanktheIndiansandtheGodforprotectionThenextthreecoloniesRhodeIsland,Connecticut,NewHampshireReasons:1.religiousdisputesandstrugglesinMassachusettsintensified2.moreimmigrantsMaineandVermontReason:Proximity(邻近)Non-EnglishColoniesNewYork,NewJerseywerefirstcolonizedbytheDutch.DelawarewasfoundedbytheSwedish.Pennsylvania:Quakers/theSocietyofFriends(anothergroupofEnglishProtestant)WilliamPenn,thefounderGrantedcoloniesMarylandgrantedbyCharlesItohisfriendLordBaltimoreasarefugeforEnglishCatholics.SouthCarolinaandNorthCarolinagivenbyCharlesIItohiseightclosesupporters.ThelastcolonyGeorgiaAhaven(港口，避难所)forEnglishprisonersofdebtwhocouldnotdischargetheirdebts.TheEarlyImmigrants最初的殖民与殖民生活WhiteAnglo-SaxonProtestants(WASPs)Reasonstoimmigrate:1.religiousdisputes（persecuteCatholicsandProtestants）2.tobecomerichintheNewWorld(Protestantworkethic)3.poormenasindenturedservants（契约劳工）4.convictsAmericanculture:AblendingofEuropeancultures,butnotameretransplantation.Newvalues:1.newideasandreforms2.adaptations:lessformalandmorepractical;lessconservativeandmoreoutspoken3.industrious4.elasticity(弹性，灵活性),tolerance,compromise5.religionasaprivateaffair6.libertyanddemocracyBostonTeaParty波士顿倾茶事件RelationbetweenEnglandandColoniesEconomic:supplyEnglandwithrawmaterialswhileimportinggoodsmanufacturedinEngland.England←Rival;sevenyearswar(1756-1763)→FranceProtectionMakeuseofIndianstoattackeachother↓EnglishcoloniesinAmerica←attack→Indians波士顿倾茶事件Cause:EnglandallowtheEastIndiaCompanytoundersellteawithoutpayingimporttaxinthecolonies.Place&Time：December16,1773,Bostonharbor英国惩罚措施IntolerableActs：asktopaytealoss；todepriveself-ruleResult:Thispolicyarousedthecolonialoppositionandtheydeclared“notaxationwithoutrepresentation”.TwoContinentalCongresses两次大陆会议1stContinentalCongressSept.5,1774inPhiladelphiaDelegatesfrom12coloniesexceptGeorgiaDocument:DeclarationofRightsandGrievances《权利和不满宣言》RejectedbytheBritishParliamentColonialmilitiamenwereorganized.Thefirstarmedclash（莱克星顿的枪声——导火索）April19,1775;GunshotsatthevillageLexington,nearBoston2ndContinentalCongressMay10,1775inPhiladelphia,IndependenceHallOrganizeandequipanAmericanarmyAppointingGeorgeWashingtonascommander-in-chiefAskforhelpfromothercountries,esp.FrancePublicsupport:1776,ThomasPainepublishedCommonSenseandTheAmericanCrisisDeclarationofIndependence独立宣言Duringthe2ndContinentalCongress——Acommittee,(composedofThomasJefferson,BenjaminFranklin,JohnAdamandothermembers)TodrawuptheDeclarationofIndependence.ItwasdraftedbyThomasJeffersononJuly4th,1776(IndependenceDay/theNationalDayoftheUS)wasamilestoneinAmericanhistory.ItisremarkableinthatitapproachestheproblemofAmericanindependencefromtheangleofhumanrights.“Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthepursuitofHappiness;thattosecuretheserights,governmentsareinstitutedamongmen,derivingtheirjustpowersfromtheconsentthegoverned;thatwheneveranyformofgovernmentbecomesdestructiveoftheseends,itistherightofthepeopletoalterortoabolishit,andtoinstituteanewgovernment...”---DeclarationofIndependence,draftedbyThomasJefferson,BenjaminFranklin,JohnAdams,etc..来源和评价：Amasterpieceofwesternphilosophy;mainlycomesfromtheBritishphilosopherJohnLockeequalityandfreedomuniversal;beyondAmericanboundariesMilitaryStruggleandtheFinalVictory战争经过和最后胜利EnglandVSAmerica战前实力对比EnglandAmericapopulation:10m.3millionmostadvancednotdevelopedstrongestnavynoneHighmorale--Americans:highmoralebutrepeatedsetbacksDifficulties:1.noteverycolonistsupporttherevolution:loyalistssuchasbigmerchantsandbankers2.theContinentalCongresscannotpasslawsanditdidnothaveanexecutivebranchtocarryoutthedecisions3.lackmoney4.eachcolonyismoreconcernedaboutdefendingitselfthangainingindependenceasawhole5.lackthestrengthtofightagainsttheBritisharmy.Turningpointandthevictories1.Surpriseattacks游击战2.Franklin’sdiplomaticactivitiestoobtainforeignaids,suchasaidsfromFrance,SpainandHolland.3.Frenchvolunteers:e.g.LafayetteLastvictor