Chinese_Culture--中国文化介绍

ExploretheChineseCultureLet’slearntogether!EricLiWhatisCultureDefinition?•Someconceiveofcultureasseparatinghumansfromnon-humans.•Somedefineitascommunicableknowledge.•Someasthesumofhistoricalachievementsproducedbyman’ssociallife.•Inaword:cultureislearned,shared,andtransmittedfromthegenerationtothenext.ChineseCultureOverview•China:9,600,000squarekilometers,isproudoffivethousandyears’history.•56ethnicgroups:livinginChinahavedevelopedtheirowncustoms.Toomanycultureelements!BriefContents•1.ChineseReligionandPhilosophy:Confucianism,TaoismandBuddhism•2.Modernbusinessculture&etiquette.•3.Chinesecuisine.•4.Chineseartsandcrafts:Painting,operas,embroidery,chinaandmartialarts1.ReligionandPhilosophy•Chinahasanapproximately4100-yearrecordedhistory.(Fromtheendlessprimevalperiod,around2,100B.C.)•Confucianism,TaoismandBuddhismarethethreegreatthoughts.MostsocialvaluesarederivedfromConfucianism,TaoismandBuddhism.ItemCentralFigureNeonatalDateDurationSumConfucianismConfucius479BCTo20102500yearsTaoismLaozi6thcenturyBCTo20102500yearsBuddhismSakyamuni6thcenturyBCintoChinain6thCenturyADTo20101500yearsTheLeadingFiguresConfuciusLaoZiShakyamuniConfucianismTaoismBuddhism1.1ConfucianismConfucius•Confucianism(儒家;pinyin:Rújiā)isaChineseethicalandphilosophicalsystemdevelopedfromtheteachingsofConfucius(KǒngFūzǐ,lit.MasterKong,551–478BC).•Itisacomplexsystemofmoral,social,political,philosophical,andquasi-religiousthoughtthathashadtremendousinfluenceonthecultureandhistoryofEastAsia.TeachingsofConfucianism•ThebasicclouofConfucianismstressestheimportanceoftheindividualmoraldevelopment,sothatthestatecanbegovernedbymoralvirtueratherthanbythelaws.•Goldenmean(philosophy):thefelicitousmiddlebetweentheextremesofexcessanddeficiency“Ridthetwoends,takethemiddleone.”•RelationshipsarecentraltoConfucianism.Particulardutiesarisefromone'sspecialsituationinrelationtoothers.Ren仁(benevolence,love)&Li礼(rites)---respectforthesystemofsocialhierarchy.1.2TaoismLaoZi•Laozi(老子;pinyin:Lǎozǐ;)wasaphilosopherofChinaaround6thcenturyB.C.andisacentralfigureinTaoism.•LaoziliterallymeansOldMasterandisgenerallyconsideredanhonorific.•TaoismistheChinesereligionwhichbelievesinghostsandspirits.Itemphasizedcooperationwiththenaturalforces.TeachingsofTaoismWuwei(无为;pinyin:wúwéi)isacentralconceptinTaoism.Theliteralmeaningofwuweiiswithoutaction.Itisoftenexpressedbytheparadoxweiwuwei,meaningactionwithoutactionoreffortlessdoing.1.3BuddhismShakyamuni•Buddhismisareligionandphilosophyencompassingavarietyoftraditions,beliefsandpractices,largelybasedonteachingsattributedtoShakyamuni(Gautama),commonlyknownastheBuddha.•BuddhalivedandtaughtinthenortheasternIndiansubcontinentsometimebetweenthe6thand4thcenturiesBC.BuddhisminChina•BuddhismisthemostimportantreligioninChina.ItisgenerallybelievedthatitwasspreadtoCentralChinain67ADduringtheHanDynasty(206BC-220).•DuringitsdevelopmentinChina,ithasaprofoundinfluenceontraditionalChinesecultureandthoughts,andhasbecomeoneofthemostimportantreligionsinChina.JourneytoTheWestTeachingsoftheBuddhaLifeisfilledwithsuffering.Sufferingiscausedbypeople’swants.•Buddhismpromotescodeofconductinlife.ThatiswhattheycallFivePreceptsofavoidingkilling,stealing,indulging,lyingandalcoholdrinking.Itleadstoself-understanding.KingofMonkeyBriefContents•1.ChineseReligionandPhilosophy:Confucianism,TaoismandBuddhism•2.Modernbusinessculture&etiquette.Relactionship(Guanxi),Face(Lian)•3.Chineseartsandcrafts:Painting,operas,embroidery,chinaandmartialarts•4.Chinesecuisine.2.ModernBusinessCulture&Etiquette.A.Chinaisbecomingaeconomicpowerhouse.B.Commercialactivityisnotmerelytheexchangeandcooperationbasedoneconomicbenefits,itisalsothecollisionandcommunicatingbetweendifferentculturesthateachsidehas.C.Everypersonisgrowninaparticularculture,learningthe“rightway”ofdoingthings.1.WhyshouldweknowChineseculture?2.ThebackgroundofModernbusinesscultureandetiquette.FornearlytwothousandyearsConfucianism,TaoismandBuddhismhasmoldedandshapedthecivilizationofChinaandexertedaprofoundinfluenceuponalmostonefourthofhumanrace.2.1Relationship(Guanxi)•“Guanxi”literallymeansrelationships“,standsforanytypeofrelationship.Chinesepeoplecaremoreaboutthesocialrelationshipthancommercialrelationshipindoingthebusiness:“Guanxi”meansonewillbequicktodoafavor,doanythingnecessaryfortheotherparty:Youscratchmyback,I’llscratchyours.•Mostimportantbusinesscannotoccuruntilrelationshipifsound,writtenagreementsecondarytoGuanxi.Guanxiishardtoform,butlonglasting.•Thereciprocalnatureof“GuanxianditsimpliedobligationsisthemainreasonwhyChinesearereticenttoengageindeeperrelationshipswithpeopletheydonotknow.2.2“Face”(LianorMianzi)“Lian”canbetranslateinto“face”inEnglishwhichisoneofthemostimportantculturaltraitsofChinesepeople.Givingface(givingduerespect)isaveryimportantconceptinChina.Youmustgivetheappropriaterespectaccordingtorankandseniority.Forexampleinthebusinessnegotiation:TheChineseoftenavoidtheword“No”tosavefaceforbothparties.Wordssuchas“bufangbian”(inconvenient),“taikunnan”(toodifficult)or“huoxu”(maybe)aresynonymsof“No”inChineseculture.Affectof