英汉语言对比全套PPT

ContrastivestudybetweenChineseandEnglishinGrammar1.Whatisgrammar•Itreferstoadescriptionofthestructureofalanguageandthewayinwhichlinguisticunitssuchaswordsandphrasesarecombinedtoproducesentencesinalanguage.Itconsistsoftwobranches:morphologyandsyntax.•Morphologycomprisestwoparts:inflectionalmorphologyandderivationalmorphology.•Inflectionalmorphologyisconcernedwithmorphologicalvariationsthatresultfromgrammaticalneeds.•Derivationalmorphologyisconcernedwithmorphologicalvariationsameansofword-building.2.Morphologicalcontrastivestudy•Contrastiveanalysisonthelevelofinflectionalmorphologyislargelyamatterofconstrastingthedevicesdifferentlanguagesemploytotransmitgrammaticalmeanings.Thesedevicesareusuallyknownas“grammaticalcategories”,whichincludeaspect,tense,case,gender,mood,person,classofword(partsofspeech)1)AspectinEnglishandChinese•InEnglishtheaspectualmeaningisrealizedbyresortingtoauxiliarywordsandverbconjugation.Eg.•TheyarewatchingTVnow.(progressive)•Hehasfinishedhishomework.(perfect)•WhileinChinese,therearesomeparticleslike着、正在、了、过，usedtoindicateaspect.Eg.•1.progressiveaspect•他正等着呢，快点。•她正在看电视。•2.perfectaspect•我写完作业了。•我去过伦敦，还去过纽约。2）tenseinEnglishandChinese•InEnglish,tenses,likeaspect,arerealizedbyresortingtoauxiliarywordsandverbconjugation.Whenaspectscombinewithtense,eg.Whenprogressivecombineswithtense,thepastprogressive,presentprogressiveandfutureprogressiveresult.•AsChinesedoesnothavethegrammaticalcategoryoftense,thetemporalnotionsindicatedbyEnglishtensesarelexicalizedinChinese.Thelexicalwordsusedaremainlyadverbslike那时，昨天，上周，去年，etc.,sometimestogetherwith曾经，过etc.toindicatethepasttense;明天，下周，明年，要etc.toindicatefuturetense;已经，一直etc.tosignalperfecttense.Forexample:•(1)那时他正要锁门。•Hewasgoingtolockthedoorthen.•（2）她昨天买了一辆车。•Sheboughtthecaryesterday.•（3）John曾经因违章停车被罚过100美元。•Johnwasoncefined100dollarsformisplacinghiscar.•（4）我要去买东西。•I’mgoingtogoshopping.•（5）他明早会演奏这支曲子。•Hewillbeplayingthetonetomorrowmorning.•（6）他已经得了三次一等奖。•Hehasalreadywonthefirstprizeforthreetimes.•（7）五岁以来，他一直在学钢琴。•Hehasbeenlearningpianosinceshewasfive.3.CaseinEnglishandChinese•InEnglish,therearenominativecaselikeI,we,you,he,they,objectivecaselikeme,us,you,her,him,andpossessivecaselikemy,our,your,her,hisandtheirandnominalpronounlikemine,ours,yours,hers,his,andtheirs.WhileinChinese,thereisnosuchinflectionofcasepronoun.Itisthewordorderthatdeterminesifanounornounphrasesisthenominativecaseortheobjectivecaseorpossessivecase.Eg.:•Shelikesreading.•她喜欢读书•Everybodylikesher.•人人都喜欢她。•thisisherbook.•这是她的书。•Thedifferenceoftenpresentsproblemsforbeginners,sometimeseventheintermediatelearnerschoosethewrongformswhichresultinmistakesintheirwritingorspeaking.Eg.Marydoesn’tlike*he,sodo*me(him,I);tomysurprise,hehasfinisheda*daywork.(aday’s)4.GenderinEnglishandChinese•Generallyspeaking,bothEnglishandChinesedon’thavewordinflectionsindicatingparticularmasculineorfeminineofathing.However,afewEnglishwordscanbeusedasaspecificreferencetoamasculineorafeminine.Eg.•Actoractress•Waiterwaitress•Hosthostess•Heroheroine•WhileinChinese,thereisnosuchsuffixtodenotegender.Oftentheprefix‘男’or‘女’isaddedtoshowmasculineorfeminine.5.MoodinEnglishandChinese•MoodinEnglish•1)subjunctivemoodsuggestingdoubt,condition,orasituationcontrarytothefactisrealizedbyresortingtoauxiliarieswiththeconjugationofverbsinsentences.Eg.•A.ifIwereyou,Iwouldapplyforthejob.•B.IfIhadfinishedmyhomeworkearlier,Iwouldhavegonewithyoutothetheatre.•C.it’simportant(necessary,strange,impossible)thatsb.shoulddosth.•D.hesuggests(orders,recommends,requires,insists)thatsb.shoulddosth.•E.Iwishthathecouldcome.•2)moodofadvice,permission,necessity,guessing,possibility,prediction,request,conditionandobligeisexpressedbyusingthemodalverbslikemay,might,can,could,should,would,must,oughtto…….eg.•A.Thehuntershavebeenlostfordays.Theycouldstarve!•B.MayIhavealookatyourpictures?•C.Whengoingbyairplane,youshouldarriveattheairportatleastonehourearlier.•D.AmanlandedonMars?Youmustbejoking.Thatcan’tbetrue.•Imperativemoodoftenindicatescommands.Eg.•Lookoutwhencrossingthestreet.•Readoutloudplease.2.MoodinChinese•InChinese,emotionalparticleslike“啦”,”吧”,“呀”,“啊”,“嘛”,“呢”,“哪”plusintonationareusedtoexpressdifferentkindsofmood.•1）啦•他早回来了！•Hecamebackmuchearliertoday.•他不来啦？•Hedidn’tcome,didhe?•2）吧•你再想想吧！•Pleasethinkitover!•他恐怕不知道真相吧！•I’mafraidhedoesn’tknowthetruth.•信还没写完吧？•Youhaven’tfinishedtheletter,haveyou?•3）呀•快说呀！•Pleasetellus,bequick!•这样做才对呀！•Thisistheexactwaytodothings.•哎呀！下雨啦。•Oh!It’sraining.•谁呀？•Whoisit?•4）啊•多美的花啊！•Howbeautifultheseflowersare!•你可要细心啊！•becareful!•5）嘛•不能怕难嘛。•Don’tbeafraidofthedifficulties,OK?•我不想去嘛。•Ireallydon’twanttogo,shallInotgo?•6）呗•你不会开车就学呗。•Youcan’tdrive?Well,learnto.•7）呢•作业还没完成呢。•Ihaven’tfinishedmyhomeworkyet.•你不信才怪呢。•I’msureyoubelieveit.•你怎么能这么粗心呢？•Howcanyoubesocareless?•8）哪•加油干哪！•Speedup!/Comeon!•Emotionalparticles,isauniquecharacteristicsofChineselanguagewhichisabsentinEnglish,soinEnglishlanguage,intonationisoftenemployedtoexpresssuchmood.•Besidesemotionalparticles,moodofadvice,permission,necessity,guessing,possibility,prediction,request,co