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TherelationshipbetweenShakespeareandBritishliteratureWilliamShakespeare(1564—1616),Englishpoet,playerandplaywright,wasbornandraisedinthepicturesqueTudormarkettownofStratford-on-Avon,alocalgovernmentandcommercialcenterwithinalargerruralsetting,anditislikelythatthesurroundingwoodlandsofhisboyhoodwerereflectedintheplayAsYouLikeIt,withitsforestofArden.HismotherMaryArdenwasadaughteroflocalgentry,holdingextensivepropertiesaroundStratford-on-Avoninhisname.InmarryingShakespeare’sfather,MaryArdentookastepdownthesocialladderoftheElizabethanage,forherhusbandwasoftheyeomanclass.Yetlongbeforehisson’sfateasplaywrightfelltohisgoodfortune.JohnShakespeare’stalentsenabledhimtorisemodestlyonhisownaccordashebecameaburgessmemberofthetowncouncil.DespiteevidenceofafamilyfinancialsetbackwhenWilliamswerefifteen,Shakespeare’sfamilywascomfortableifnotprivileged.Hisliterarycareercanberoughlydividedinto3periods:Thefirstone(1590—1600)istheperiodofhisapprenticeship.Hismainworkswerehistoricalplayandcomedy.Thereare9historicalplays,10comediesand2tragediesinthistime.Thesecondone(1601—1608)ishisperiodofgreattragedies,andthesummitofhiscreativity.Thethirdperiod(1609—1612),heyieldedplayswhichshowaslightfallingofffromhispreviousheight.Betweentheearly1590sandtheseconddecadeoftheseventeenthcentury,Shakespearecomposedthemostextraordinarybodyofworksinthehistoryofworlddrama.Ofcourse,nobodywouldforgethis4greattragediesandgreatcomedieswhentalkingaboutShakespeare.4greattragediesincludeHamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbethand4greatcomediesincludeAmidsummernight’sdream,ThemerchantofVenice,Asyoulikeit,Twelfthnight.MostofShakespeare’scareerunfoldedduringmonarchyofElizabethI,thegreatVirginqueenfromwhomthehistoricalperiodofthebard’slifetakesitsnameasElizabethanage.Thenwhat’stheinfluenceofsuchagreatplayerfortheBritishliterature?Nowlet’stalkabouttherelationshipbetweenWilliamShakespeareandtheEnglishliterature.WilliamShakespeareislikelythemostinfluentialwriterinEnglishliteratureandcertainlythemostimportantplaywrightoftheEnglishrenaissance.First,inthe17thcentury,Shakespeare’sdramasruntoGermany,France,Italy,RussiaandNorthernEurope,andthenpopularizeAmericaandaroundtheworld,whichhadfar-reachinginfluenceinvariouscountries’drama.Hisworksbecametheinspirationoftheworld’sculture,andprovidedaroomforthedevelopingofthecapitalism,whichindirectlyleadtotheoutburstofthebourgeoisrevolution.Hewasnotonlyagreatdramatist,butalsoagreatpoet.Apartfromhissonnetsandlongpoets,hisdramasarepoetry.Theyarerichinimages,conceitmetaphorandsymbols.Hewaswellversedinwritinglyricalverseaswellaspoetryofgreatpassionandagony.Hisstylevarieswiththedifferentmoodsheexpressed.Itcanbelyrical,poetical,ecstatic,pathetic,cynical,sarcasticandironic.Shakespeare’spoetwastheobbligatopartoftheBritishliterature.Second,Shakespearewastherepresentativesofhumanism.Inhisearlystage,hisplayswerepermeatedwithoptimisticspirit,nomatterwhetherinhistragediesorcomedies.Hehadfirmbeliefinthenobilityofthehumannatureandinthepoweroflove.Peoplewereinnocentandwerelookingattheworldwithawonderfuleyeasiftheireyeswerenewlyopentothewonderoftheworld.Man,whohadbeendebasedinthemedievalage,wasnowmasterofhim,andcouldovercometheevilsandweaknessinthisworld.EveninthetragedythisisclearinthedialoguebetweenRomeoandJulietinthegardenwhenRomeocomparesJuliettotheSunandhereyestothetwofaireststarsinalltheheaven.ButastheyearwentonShakespearebecamemorematureandhisknowledgeofhumannaturegrewindepth.Themoreheknewabouthumannature,themorehewasdepressedattheUglinessandbasenessofhumannature.Fromthenon,moreandmorepeoplebegantocreatecharacterwhichreflectedhumanism.Britishliteraturewasricherandcolorful.Once,humanismwasthemainstreamofBritishliterature.Third,Shakespeare’sdramawasinapopularstyle,whichmadeBritishliteraturemoreandmorepopular.Heusedfolklanguage,suchasfolksongs,slang,oldproverbandfunnyproseandsoon.Healsousedalotofforeignvocabulary,whichbecamephraseofmodernEnglish.ShakespeareisanirreplaceablepersontothedevelopmentofEnglishlanguage.HewasthefatherofEnglishdrama.Afterhecreatedthoseworks,alotofpeopletriedtocreatedrama,whichmadetheBritishdramabustling.ThereisnodoubtthatthedevelopmentofBritishdramawouldrichtheBritishliterature,becausetheBritishdramaisanindispensiblepartoftheBritishliterature.Shakespeare’sworks,hischaracters,exquisitewordsandphrasesfromhisarticleswerepermeatedintheBritishandAmericanCulture.Hedrewmostofhismaterialsfromsourcesthatwereknowntohisaudience;SomefromRomandramas,somefromAnglo-SaxonChronicleandsomefromotherwriter’splays.Buthisplaysareoriginalbecauseheinstilledintotheoldmaterialsanewspiritthatgivesnewlifetohisplays.ThebestexampleisHamlet,whichbearsmanyresemblancestoThomasKyd’sTheSpanishTragedy.Lastbutnotleast,ShakespeareasmasteroftheEnglishLanguage:Itisestimatedthathehadacommandofabout15,000words.ManyofhisquotationsandphraseshavebeenabsorbedintotheEnglishLanguage.Hewasespeciallysuccessfulinhandlingthedifferentmeaningsofthesameword,orwordshavingthesamesoundbutdifferentmeanings.ThedevelopmentofEnglishlanguagepromotedthedevelopmentofBritishliterature.Witho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