基层政府间的_共谋现象_一个政府行为的制度逻辑

3,3:,,,,,:,;,,:(1);(2);(3),,,,,,:,(,2005,2006b;,,2006;,2000;,2007),,1,,,,:,;,,,,:,,,,8,,,,6,,(),,,(H2346),,,,,,,;,,,,(,2004;,2006),;,,,(,,)22008.6,,,,,,,,:,,,(Meyer&Rowan,1977,,2003),,;,:,,,;,,,,,(commonknowledge),(collusion,),(oligopoly),3,:,,,,(Tirole,1988),()()()(Tirole,1986,1992)--,(Tirole,1992),:,()()(),,,,;,;,,()(),,,,,,--,,,;,,,;42008.6,,(),,,:,,,,,,,,(March,1988),,,;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,5,Blau,1963;Lipsky,1980;Pressman&Wildavsky,1984;Wilson,1989,,,:,,,(2000),,(2001),,:,,,,,,,,;,,,,,,(unintendedconsequences),:();();()62008.6(),(),,,,,;,2090,,,:,,(,2006a),(),:,,,,,,,:,,,7,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:,,;,,,,(,),,:,,,,,,,,:,,(),,,,(82008.6),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(idealtype),,,(),,,,;,,,,,,,,;,,,,,;,,,,,,,9,,,,,,?,(Williamson,1985)(selectiveintervention),,(,Bakeretal.,2001),,,,;,,,,,,,(routine),,,,,,,(2008),,,,012008.6,,,,;,,,,,,,:,;,,,,,:,,,,;,,,;,,,,,:,,;,:,,;(),,,:,,;,(),11,,,,,,,,,;,,,,(Michels,1968)20:,,(goaldisplacement)(Weber,1946),,,;,,,;,,,,,,,:,,,,,,:(1),212008.6300,,(2),,(3),,,()()(),,,(Kerr,1975):A,B,(Milgrom&Robert,1992),,,,,,,(2005),:(),,,,:,,,,313!,,,(G0515),,;,,,,:,,,,20,,,,,,,(G0520),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,()412008.6,,,,,:,,,(),:,,(Weber,1946),(impersonal),,,,,,,,,;,,:,;,,,,,,,(universalism),,;(particularism),()(,1998),51,,,;:,,,,:,;,,,,(,2005),,,;,,,:,;,,,,,;,,,,,,,(2007),,612008.6,,,,,,,(),,(,):,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:,,,,,,,,,,,,:,,;,,,71,:,,;:,,,,:,,,,:,,,,:,:,,(sidecontract);,,,,,,,,,:,,,,()(),812008.6,,;(),,,,,,,,(),;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(enforcement),,,,,,;:,,,,,,,91,,::,,,,,,,,,:,2008,,,:,2004,,:,1998,,:,2006,,:,2000,:B,,2007,:,:,2001,,:,2000,,:,2005,,2004,:,2006a,,2005,:,2006b,:,2005-2006,:022008.6(),,,2006,,3,2003,,:,2005,:,2Baker,George,RobertGibbons&KevinMurphy2001,BringingtheMarketInsidetheFirm?AmericanEconomicReviewXCI.Blau,PeterM.1963,TheDynamicsofBureaucracy;AStudyofInterpersonalRelationsinTwoGovernmentAgencies.Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress.Kerr,Steven1975,OntheFollyofRewardingA,WhileHopingforB.AcademyofManagementJournal18.Lipsky,Michael1980,Street2LevelBureaucracy.NewYork:RussellSageFoundation.March,JamesG.1988,DecisionsandOrganizations.NewYork,N.Y.:Blackwell.Meyer,JohnW.&BrianRowan1977,InstitutionalizedOrganizations:FormalStructureasMythandCeremony.AmericanJournalofSociology83.Michels,Robert1968,PoliticalParty.NewYork:FreePress.Milgrom,Paul&JohnRobert1992,Economics,OrganizationandManagement.EnglewoodCliffs,N.J.:PrenticeHall.Pressman,JeffreyL.&AaronWildavsky1984,Implementation.Berkeley,CA:UniversityofCaliforniaPress.Tirole,Jean1986,HierarchiesandBureaucracies:OntheRoleofCollusioninOrganizations.JournalofLaw,Economics,andOrganization2.1988,TheTheoryofIndustrialOrganization.Cambridge,Massachusetts:MITPress.1992,CollusionandtheTheoryofOrganizations.inAdvancesinEconomicTheory:ProceedingsoftheSixthWorldCongressoftheEconometricSociety,(ed.)byJ.J.Laffont.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.Weber,Max1946,FromMaxWeber:EssaysinSociology.Trans.byH.H.G.&C.W.Mills.NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress.Williamson,OliverE.1985,TheEconomicInstitutionsofCapitalism.NewYork:FreePress.Wilson,JamesQ.1989,Bureaucracy:WhatGovernmentAgenciesDoandWhyTheyDoIt.NewYork:BasicBooks.:E-():12SOCIOLOGICALSTUDIES(Bimonthly)20086Vol.23November,2008PAPERCollusionamongLocalGovernments:TheinstitutionallogicofagovernmentbehaviorZhouXueguang1Abstract:AsalientgovernmentalbehaviorinChinaisthecollusionamonglocalgovernments,thatis,localgovernmentsoftenformalliancessoastosidetrackandcompromisetheoriginalintentionsofstatepolicies.Asaresult,therearesignificantandpersistentdeviationsandgoaldisplacementinpolicyimplementationprocesses.Thisarticledevelopsanorganizationalanalysisandtheoreticalexplanationofthisphenomenon.Thekeyargumentsareasfollows:IntheChinesegovernmentapparatus,collusionamonglocalgovernments,thoughinformalandillegitimate,hasresultedfromorganizationaladaptationtoitsinstitutionalenvironments,henceacquiredlegitimacyandbecamehighlyinstitutionalized.TheauthorarguesthatcollusionsamonglocalgovernmentsaretoagreatextentunintendedconsequencesofthecentralizationofauthorityandtheenforcementofincentivedesignsintheChinesegovernmentinrecentyears.UtopianRealism:Isitpossibleanddesirable?ChengBoqing22Abstract:AnthonyGiddensproposestheoutlookofutopianrealismtocapturethefuture2orientation.Asacriticaltheorywithoutguarantees,isutopianrealismpossibleanddesirable?ThisarticlefirstlyexploresthebasicassumptionsofGiddensssocialtheory,especiallyitsphilosophicalanthropology.Itisclearthattheprospectsofutopianrealismarebaseduponthepostulatesoftheknowledgeabilityofhumanagentsandthedoublehermeneuticwhichcharacterizessocialscience.Thetensionsbetweenutopianismandrealismarethenanalyzed,andthedifficultiesinbalancingtheuniversalismofutopianrealismwiththecontingencyandheterogeneityofcontemporarysocietyarealsomentioned.TheimplicationsandlimitsofutopianrealismareshowedbythecaseofGiddenssmodelofademocracyoftheemotions.Finally,thearticleattemptstoshowtherhetoricalstrategywhichGiddensusestoovercomethetake2it2or2leave2itqualityofhistheory.VoluntaryandInvoluntaryJobMobilityandEarningsInequali