美国法律文化chapter-5-STEPS-IN-THE-FEDERAL-CRIMINAL-PROC

AmericanLegalCultureChapter5STEPSINTHEFEDERALCRIMINALPROCESSⅠ.InvestigationStepsintheFederalCriminalProcessⅡ.ChargingⅢ.InitialHearing/ArraignmentⅣ.DiscoveryⅤ.PleaBargainingⅥ.PreliminaryHearingⅦ.Pre-trialMotionⅧ.TrialIX.Post-trialMotionX.SentencingI.InvestigationA.Criminalinvestigatorsa.someagenciesthatemploycriminalinvestigators:•美国联邦调查局，是世界著名的美国最重要的情报机构之一，隶属于美国司法部，“FBI”不仅是美国联邦调查局的缩写，还代表着该局坚持贯彻的信条——忠诚（Fidelity）、勇敢（Bravery）和正直（Integrity)，象征联邦警察。美国禁毒署:隶属于美国司法部Drug:违禁药品和毒品I.InvestigationA.Criminalinvestigatorsa.someagenciesthatemploycriminalinvestigators:ATF,USSS,DHS/HIS•ATF:烟酒枪支爆炸物管理局,隶属于司法部•USSS:美国特勤处,隶属于国土安全部（反恐、保护总统SA:特工）•DHS/HIS：HomelandSecurityInvestigationasearchwarrantanarrestwarrantI.InvestigationB.DirectEvidenceevidencethatsupportsafactwithoutaninferencee.g.:testimonyofaneyewitnessC.CircumstantialEvidenceevidencethattendstoprovesomethingrelatedtoafact,whichcanbeinferredfromthecircumstances.GeorgeisaccusedofshootingFredwithahandgun.CE:Georgehadahandgun.Georgewasnotathishomeandappearedinthecrimescene.GeorgehatedFred....policeinvestigatethecrime:collectevidenceA.GrandJury•aconstitutionalrequirementforpotentialchargesⅡ.Charging5thAmendmenttotheconstitutionN•Nopersonshallbeheld认定toanswerfor受...审理acapital,orotherwiseinfamouscrime,unlessonapresentment报告orindictment起诉书ofaGrandJury,...grandjury•incases•determineswhetherthereisprobablecause合理根据tochargeapersonwithacrime;•questionsofguiltorinnocent.GrandJuryvs.TrialJury•16-23jurors;•Indictmentsfor重罪ratherthanmismisdemeanors轻罪(federalGforfelony/statesnotnecessarilyrequired)•proceedingsonlyattendedbyspecificpersons(witnessnoattorney)•atleast12jurorsconcur-issueangrandjurytrialjury•determineswhetherthepersonshouldbereleasedorheldforfurtherproceedings;•16-23jurors;•Indictmentsforfelonies重罪ratherthanmisdemeanors.轻罪•listenstotheevidencepresentedatthetrialanddetermineswhetherthedefendantisguiltyofthecharge.•12jurorsincriminalcasesand6-12incivilcases.GrandJuryvs.TrialJuryvideoclip4.1ajurypetit2020/6/13B.theGovernmentrepresentedbyvs.thedefendantrepresentedbyC.Venue---thelocationwherethetrialisheld2020/6/13TheU.S.Attorney（federalprosecutor)“TheUnitedStatesAttorneyistherepresentative..andwhoseinterest,therefore,inacriminalprosecutionisnotthatitshallwinacase,butthatjusticeshallbedone,...thetwofoldaimofwhichisthatguiltshallnotescapeorinnocencesuffer.”---theUnitedStatesSupremeCourt2020/6/13TheU.S.Attorneytellsafederalgrandjury大陪审团abouttheevidenceandtrytoconvincethegrandjurythat..16-23jurors2020/6/13•Grandjurydetermineswhetherthepersonshouldbereleasedorheldforfurtherproceedings;2020/6/13TheU.S.Attorneytellsafederalgrandjury大陪审团abouttheevidenceandtrytoconvincethegrandjurythatthepersonprobablycommittedthecrimeand...ProbableCause宪法修正案第四条：保护人身、住房、文件和财物不受无理搜查扣押的权利不得侵犯；除非有合理的根据认为有罪，以宣誓或郑重声明保证，并详细开列应予搜查的地点、应予扣押的人或物，不得颁发搜查和扣押证。FourthAmendmentAsearch（搜查）Aseizure（扣押）•canbedefinedasagovernmentalintrusionintoanareawhereapersonhasareasonableandjustifiableexpectationofprivacy.•canbedefinedastheexerciseofcontrolbythegovernmentoverapersonorthing.•SearchandSeizure(warrant)TheU.S.Attorneytellsafederalgrandjury大陪审团abouttheevidenceandtrytoconvincethegrandjurythatthepersonprobablycommittedthecrimeandshouldbeformallyaccusedofit.2020/6/13•Indictmentsforfelonies重罪ratherthanmisdemeanors轻罪TheU.S.Attorneytellsafederalgrandjury大陪审团abouttheevidencethat...2020/6/13videoclip4.2TheRightAgainstSelf-Incrimination•TheFifthAmendmentoftheConstitution:免于自证其罪的权利•Thewitnessmustsweartotellthetruth.•Thewitness“speaks”tothejurythroughquestionsaskedofhimorher•Refusetoanswerquestions“IpleadtheFifth”•Noperson...shallbecompelledinanycriminalcasetobeawitnessagainsthimself.TheRightAgainstSelf-Incrimination•TheFifthAmendmentoftheConstitution:•保护证人免于被迫提供自证其罪的证词“testimonial”privilege言词证据•Testimonialevidence•Realevidence:物证（实在证据：如杀人用的枪，伪造的支票等）•Demonstrativeevidence:演示证据（为了说明已存在证据而使用，如模型等）•lineup•handwritingsample•bloodsample•...TheRightAgainstSelf-Incrimination•Privilegeoftheaccused:•Privilegeofthewitness:•EliminationoftheprivilegenottotestifyattrialImmunity-barstheGfromusingyourToranythingderivedtoconvictyou证言至关重要/政府案件Jurors—determine—notcharged(noindictment)orcharged-arrested2020/6/132020/6/13•Anarrestoccurswhenthepolicetakeapersonintocustodyagainsthiswillforpurposeofcriminalprosecutionorinterrogation.(1)Anarrestmustbebasedon(2)Incontrasttotheruleforsearches,policegenerallyneednotobtainawarrantbeforearrestingapersoninapublicplace,eveniftheyhavetimetogetawarrant.ProbableCausetoarrestispresentwhenathtetimeofarrest,theofficerhaswithintheknowledgeresonablytrustworthyfactsandcircumstancessufficientenoughtowarrantareasonableprudentpersontobelievethatthesuspecthascommitedoriscommittingacrime.aninformation控告书:chargefiledbyaprosecutoranindictment起诉书:handeddownbyagrandjurydesiciontoarrest---arrestwarrantdependsⅢ.InitialHearing/Arraignment初审A.Time--ThedayorthedayafterbeingarrestedandchargedB.Presider--MagistratejudgeC.andinformation告知被指控的罪名及有关权利a.Theaccusedperson(defendant)isaddressedbyname;b.Thechargeagainsttheaccusedpersonisread,inc