翻译基础10-英语特殊句型的翻译

翻译基础TranslationTechniques(10)Lecture10英语特殊句型的翻译outline英语否定句的翻译——反译法英译汉中的正传反英译汉中的反转正英语被动句的汉译九种倒装形式1.1.Translatethefollowingsentences:(1)“Don’tstopworking,”hesaid.他说，“继续干活吧。”(2)Hewentintotheinsecurebuilding.他走进那所危楼。(3)Heknewhewasmortallyill.他知道自己得的是不治之症。（4）他仍然没有弄懂我的意思。Hestillcouldnotunderstandme.(正译)Stillhefailedtounderstandme.(反译)（5）Pleasewithholdthedocumentforthetimebeing.请暂时扣下这份文件。（正译）请暂时不要发这份文件。（反译）1.2．Definition正面和反面表达主要是指在英语里是否用no,not或者带有否定前缀如de-,dis-,im-,in-,un-,-less的词，在汉语里是否用“不”、“非”、“无”、“没有”、“未”、“否”等字。在英译汉过程中，我们常常遇到这样一种情况，即原词所表达的并不是其字面意义，而是其字面意义的反义，或者说是对其字面意义的否定，可这种否定又往往不出现否定词，这种情况并不很少，给翻译工作带来很大的麻烦。①riotpolice防暴警察（即anti-riotpolice）②crisislaw反危机法案（即anti-crisislaw)1.3.英译汉中的正转反：动词Thefirstbombsmissedthetarget.第一批炸弹没有击中目标。Suchachancewasdeniedme.我没有得到这样一个机会。副词Wemaysafelysayso.我们这样说错不了。A:Theboyisquiteclever.B:Exactly.甲：这孩子很聪明。乙：一点不错。Heisnotstupid,merelyignorant.他并不愚笨，仅仅是无知而已。Itwouldbemostdisastrousifevenarumorofitweregivenout.甚至只要有一点点风声漏出去，结果就不堪设想。Theexplanationisprettythin.这个解释是相当不充实的。介词Thisproblemisaboveme.这个问题我不懂。Itwasbeyondhispowertosignsuchacontract.他无权签订这种合同。Theseplaneswereheldbacktoprotecttheenemy’shomeislandsinsteadofbeingusedwheretheywerebadlyneeded.这些飞机被留在后方保卫敌人本岛，未用于其他急需的地方。连接词Theguerrillaswouldfighttodeathbeforetheysurrendered.游击队员宁愿战斗到死，而绝不投降。名词Thisfailurewasthemakingofhim.这次不成功是他成功的基础。Byaboutsix-thirtythesoundsofaircraft,trucksandtankshadbecomequitefamiliar,butaseriesofsmallexplosionsnearbyseemedcausefornewanxiety.大约到六点半，大家对飞机、卡车和坦克的声音已经很习以为常了。但是附近一些轻微的爆炸声似乎造成了新的不安。短语Theislandersfoundthemselvesfarfromreadytofightthewar.岛民发现自己远远没有做好作战准备。Bothsidesthoughtthatthepeaceproposalwasonetheycouldacceptwithdignity.双方认为，那和平建议是一个他们可以接受而不失体面的建议。Webelievethattheyoungergenerationwillproveworthyofourtrust.我们相信，年青一代将不会辜负我们的信任。WhenPhilipmissedthelastbus,hewasatalosstoknowwhattodo.菲利普误了最后一班公共汽车，茫然不知该怎么办。Everyonehastherighttobefreefromhunger.人人有不挨饿的权利。句子Ifitworkedonce,itcanworktwice.一次得手，再次不愁。Hewas75,buthecarriedhisyearslightly.他七十五了，可是并不显老。Myguessisasgoodasyours.我的猜测并不比你的高明。Thedecisionhastocome.决定还没有做出。Menaretooclevertoletthemselvesbecheatedbyfashiondesigners.男人们很聪明，他们不会上时装设计者们的当。1.4.英译汉中的反转正：（一）动词Irodearoundwithhimonedayseeinghowtheshipsunloaded.一天我和他乘车转了一转，看看船如何卸货。Thedoubtwasstillunsolvedafterhisrepeatedexplanations.虽经他一再解释，疑团仍然存在。（二）副词Hecarelesslyglancedthroughthenoteandgotaway.他马马虎虎地看了看那张便条就走了。ManyagreedthatthePrimeMinisterhadineffectresigneddishonorably.许多人认为首相辞职实际上是很丢面子的。（三）形容词Hewasanindecisivesortofpersonandalwayscapricious.他这个人优柔寡断，而且总是反复无常。Allthearticlesareuntouchableinthemuseum.博物馆内一切展品禁止触摸。（四）名词Itwassaidthatsomeonehadsowndiscordamongthem.据说有人在他们中间搞挑拨离间。Hemanifestedastrongdislikeforhisfather’sbusiness.他对他的父亲的行业表示强烈的厌恶情绪。（五）短语Don’tlosetimeinpostingthisletter.赶快把这封信寄出去。Students,withnoexception,aretohandintheirpapersthisafternoon.今天下午学生统统要交书面作业。（六）句子Thesignificanceoftheseincidentswasn’tlostonus.这些事件引起了我们的重视。Suchflightscouldn’tlongescapenotice.这类飞行迟早会被人发觉的。（七）双重否定Thereisnorulethathasnoexception.任何规则都有例外。HardlyamonthgoesbywithoutwordofanothersurveyrevealingnewdepthsofscientificilliteracyamongU.S.citizens.美国公民科盲日益严重，这种调查报告几乎月月都有。2.1PassiveVoiceintheEnglishLanguageEnglishpassivevoiceisusedtoindicateanunknownsubject,forthepurposeofemphasis,orforthesakeofstylisticdevice.1)Whentheactivesubjectisunknownorcannotbereadilystated,forexample:Wearekeptstrongandwellbycleanair.清洁的空气使我们身体健康。2)Whentheactorisknownbutneednotbementioned,Visitorsarerequestednototouchtheexhibits.观众请勿触摸展品。2.1PassiveVoiceintheEnglishLanguage3)Whentheactorisemphasizedforsomespecialpurpose,Thethreemachinescanbecontrolledbyasingleoperator.这三台机器可以由一人单独操控。4)Whenthepassivestructureisusedasastylisticdevicetoavoidtheincoherenceofstructureshifting,Johnwasalawyer’ssonandwasdestinedtothebar.约翰是律师的儿子，注定要当律师。英语中被动语态使用范围很广。凡是在不必说出主动者、不愿说出主动者、无从说出主动者或者是为了便于连贯上下文等等场合，往往都用被动语态。英语使用被动式，常常是为了表示某种客观、间接和非人称的口气，以迎合某些表达的需要。汉语要表达同样的口气，往往不用被动式，而是用无主句、主语省略句、主语泛称句以及其他句式。2.2MethodsofTranslatingEnglishSentencesinthepassivevoice2.2.1ConvertingthePassiveVoiceintotheActive译成汉语主动句2.2.1.1KeepingtheoriginalsubjectunchangedThewholecountrywasarmedinafewdays.几天内全国就武装起来了。Thesenseofinferioritythatheacquiredinhisyouthhasneverbeenreallyeradicated.在青少年时期留下的自卑感还远远没有完全消除。2.2.1ConvertingthePassiveVoiceintotheActive译成汉语主动句2.2.1.2ChangingoriginalobjectintosubjectBytheendofthewar800peoplehadbeensavedbytheorganization.大战结束时，这个组织拯救了800人。Anewwayofdisplayingtimehasbeengivenbyelectronics.电子技术提供了一种新的显示时间的方法。2.2.1.3ChangingthePassiveintothepredicativeverb“是”ThepicturewaspaintedbyProfessorSmith.这幅画是史密斯教授画的。Thehousewasbuiltofwoodin1985.这座房子是1985年用木头修建的。Thedecisiontoattackwasnottakenlightly.进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。2.2.2AddingapropersubjecttomaketheChineseVersionsmoothSaltisknowntohaveaverystrongcorrodingeffectonmetals.大家知道，盐对金属有很强的腐蚀作用。Toexplorethemoon’ssurface,rocketswerelaunchedagainandagain.为了探测月球的表面，人们一次又一次地发射火箭。2.2.3ConvertingthePassiveVoiceintoaSubjectlessSentence译成无主语句Theunpleasantnoisemust