大坝的发展及其对河流生态环境的影响-蔡大为

110003。、。TV641X171．1A1001-9235201503-0107-04。1928ICOLD15m5～15m300m3450001。129501000Proserpina17、181－2。18901900。1935221m2－4。201001970—197520。80%2200063904000120010001。13%。19%。2015-05-26檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶檶106ManasiＲiverBasinWaterQualityEvaluationwithImprovedNemerowIndexMethodHUANGDan(XinjiangChangyuanWaterＲesearchInstitute，UrumqiXinjiang830091，China)Abstract:UsingamodifiedNemerowPollutionIndexforevaluatingManasＲiverBasinsurfacewaterquality，theresultsshowthatinthreewaterperiod(wet，dryandflat)ofeachmonitoringsection，theworstwaterqualityoccurinthewetperiod.;ManasＲiverWaterQualityisthebestinthefourmonitoringsections，Moguhuwaterqualityistheworst，itsnemerowpollutionvaluescloseto4;Infivewa-terqualityassessmentindicators，petroleumandBOD5aretheworstexceededevaluationfactorsinthestudyarea.TheoverallevaluationgradeinthestudyareaareⅣofthreewaterperiod.Keywords:Improvednemerowpollutionindex;Basinwaterqualityevaluation;ManasＲiver701doi10.3969/j.issn.1001-9235.2015.03.03020153·PEAＲLＲIVEＲ590220080hm25。1949519622。201982。201100～1700250～32020%～25%。19956。19947。、、。175m100。8。20902001、、、。7。22.12.1.1a。。、。10℃2℃/m。b。1100km36600t。。。。c。。d。pH。、、、、。。。2.1.2a。。b。。。c。。。。d。9－10。2.22.2.1a。。。。b。801。Hume200km。、。c。。、。。。。。d。。。。。5～8m240m。2.2.2a。、。Eildon、。b。。30Vir88%。c。。。Kariba。。。d。。。9－11。2.3、。。12。33.121380km35013。WCD“”1。14。3.220。50030199815。901。50。、。3.3—CDM0.1W16。。1WorldCommissiononDamsWCD.DamsandDevelopmentANewFrameworkforDecision－makingM.LondonEarthscanPublicationsLtd.2000.2TortajadaC.AltinbilekD.BiswasA.K.ImpactsofLargeDamsAGlobalAssessmentM.BerlinSpringer－Verlag2012..3ScudderT.TheFutureofLargeDamsDealingwithSocialEnvi-ronmentalInstitutionalandPoliticalCostsM.LondonEarth-scanPublicationsLtd.2005.4McCullyP.SilentＲiversTheecologyandpoliticsoflargedamsEnlargedandupdatededitionM.LondonZedBooksLtd.2001.5.M.2004.6NüsserM.LargeDamsinAsiaContestedEnvironmentsbetweenTechnologicalHydroscapesandSocialＲesistanceM.DordrechtSpringerScience2014.7WangP.DongS.LassoieJ.P.TheLargeDamDilemmaAnEx-plorationoftheImpactsofHydroProjectsonPeopleandtheEnviron-mentinChinaM.DordrechtSpringerScience2014.8WuJHuangJHanX.etal.Three－GorgesDam－experimentinhabitatfragmentationJ.Science2003300123912409McCartneyM.P.SullivanC.Acreman.M.C.EcosystemImpactsofLargeDamsM.BackgroundPaperNr.2PreparedforIUCN/UNEP/WCD2001.10BergkampGMcCartneyMDuganPetal.Damsecosystemfunctionsandenvironmentalrestoration.ThematicreviewIIM.PreparedasaninputtotheWorldCommissiononDamsCapeTown2000.11SchleissA.J.BoesＲ.M.DamsandＲeservoirsunderChangingChallengesM.BocaＲatonTaylor＆FrancisGroup2011.12McAllisterD.E.CraigJ.F.DavidsonN.etal.BiodiversityImpactsofLargeDamsM.BackgroundPaperNr.1PreparedforIUCN/UNEP/WCD2000.13GleickP.H.TheWorld’sWater.Volume8TheBiennialＲeportonFreshwaterＲesourcesM.WashingtonIslandPress2014.14EcclestonC.H.EnvironmentalimpactassessmentaguidetobestprofessionalpracticesM.BocaＲatonCＲCPress2010.15DarbyS.SearD.ＲiverrestorationmanagingtheuncertaintyinrestoringphysicalhabitatM.ChichesterJohnWiley＆SonsLtd2008.16TremblayA.VarfalvyL.ＲoehmC.etal.GreenhouseGasE-missions－FluxesandProcessesHydroelectricＲeservoirsandNat-uralEnvironmentsM.BerlinSpringer－Verlag2005.DevelopmentHistoryofLargeDamsandItsImpactsonEco－environmentCAIDawei(BureauofSoilandWaterConservationofLiaoningProvince，LiaoningShenyang，110003，China)Abstract:Largedamsareoneofmeasuresforwaterusebyhumanbeing，anditsdevelopmentisrelatedtohumancivilization.Thispa-per，onthebasisofoverviewofinternationaldefinitionoflargedamanditsdevelopmenthistory，analyzesthemainimpactsofconstruc-tionandoperationoflargedamsoneco－environmentofupstreamanddownstreamaswellasbiodiversityofriverecosystem，thefuturetrendsoflargedamsarediscussedasimplementingstrictlyenvironmentalimpactassessmentforplannedlargedams，andstrengtheningresearchesontheimpactsofdamdecommissioningonriverecosystemrestorationandonthefeedbackmechanismbetweentheconstruc-tionoflargedamsandglobalclimatechange，whichwillensuretheminimizationofthenegativeimpactsofalltheproceduresrelatedtoconstruction，operationandmanagementoflargedamsoneco－environment.Keywords:largedams;rivereco－environment;biodiversity;developmenthistory;futuretrends011