常用材料

常用材料极限强度材料名拉压疲劳极限弯曲疲劳极限扭转疲劳极限拉压脉动疲劳极限弯曲脉动疲劳极限扭转脉动疲劳极限结构钢铸铁铝合金结构钢铸铁铝合金≈0.3σb≈0.225σb≈σb/6+73.5MPa≈0.3σb≈0.225σb≈σb/6+73.5MPa≈0.43σb≈0.45σb≈σb/6+73.5MPa≈0.43σb≈0.45σb≈σb/6+73.5MPa≈0.25σb≈0.36σb≈(0.55～0.58)σ-1≈0.25σb≈0.36σb≈(0.55～0.58)σ-1≈1.42σ-1l≈1.42σ-1l≈1.5σ-1l≈1.42σ-1l≈1.42σ-1l≈1.5σ-1l≈1.33σ-1≈1.35σ-1--≈1.33σ-1≈1.35σ-1--≈1.5τ-1≈1.35τ-1--≈1.5τ-1≈1.35τ-1--常用材料密度序号材料密度备注序号材料密度备注1空气（20℃）0.00122软木0.1-0.43泡沫塑料0.24泥煤0.29-0.55工业用毛毡0.36木炭0.3-0.57焦炭0.36-0.538烟煤粉0.4-0.79木材0.4-0.7510皮革0.4-1.211石墨（粉）0.4512石棉线0.45-0.5513熟石灰（粉）0.514胶合板0.5615褐煤0.6-0.816高炉渣0.6-117干煤灰0.64-0.7218汽油0.66-0.7519煤灰0.720无烟煤0.7-1.021锌烟尘0.7-1.522粘土（块）0.7-1.523煤油0.78-0.8224酒精0.825烟煤0.8-126橡胶夹布传动带0.8-1.227造型砂0.8-1.328石油（原油）0.8229无烟煤粉0.84-0.8930软钢纸板0.931竹材0.932石蜡0.933机油0.9-0.934聚丙烯0.9-0.9135沥青0.9-1.536聚苯乙烯0.91-1.0737聚乙烯0.92-0.9538纯橡胶0.9339水（4℃）140ABS树脂1.02-1.0841尼龙10101.04-1.1542聚苯醚1.06-1.0743生石灰（块）1.144尼龙6/661.13-1.1545有机玻璃1.18-1.1946盐酸1.247熟石灰1.248水泥（粉）1.249生石灰（粉）1.250电石1.251电木1.2-1.452石灰石（中小块）1.2-1.553白云石（块）1.2-254褐铁矿1.2-2.155聚砜1.2456纤维纸板/纤维板1.3-1.457胶木/胶木板1.3-1.458酚醛层压板1.3-1.4559锌精矿1.3-1.760铜精矿1.3-1.861工业橡胶1.3-1.862铅锌精矿1.3-2.463碎石1.32-264聚氯乙烯1.35-1.465赛璐珞1.35-1.466细砂（干）1.4-1.6567粗砂（干）1.4-1.968聚甲醛1.41-1.4369玻璃钢1.4-2.170电玉1.45-1.5571砾石1.5-1.972橡胶石棉板1.5-273硝酸1.5474平胶板1.6-1.875平炉渣1.6-1.8576石灰石（大块）1.6-2.077粘土砖1.778锰矿1.7-1.979铁烧结块1.7-2.080铜矿1.7-2.181镁1.7482镁合金1.74-1.8183磷酸1.7884硫酸（87%）1.885碎白云石1.8-1.986硅质耐火砖1.8-1.987细砂（湿）1.8-2.188褐铁矿1.8-2.189混凝土1.8-2.4590砌砖1.9-2.391铅精矿1.9-2.492银10.593石棉板1-1.394铅/铅板11.3795汞13.5596硬质合金（钨钴）14.4-14.997金19.3298石棉布制动带299赤铁矿2.0-2.8100粘土耐火砖2.1101镁砂粉2.1-2.2102聚四氟乙烯2.1-2.3103石英玻璃2.2104硅藻土2.2105碳化钙（电石）2.22106纤维蛇纹石石棉2.2-2.4107石膏2.2-2.4108高铬质耐火砖2.2-2.5109镁砂（块）2.2-2.5110耐高温玻璃2.23111陶瓷2.3-2.45112石灰石2.4-2.6113实验器皿玻璃2.45114平板玻璃2.5115磁铁矿2.5-3.5116镁铬质耐火砖2.6117大理石2.6-2.7118花岗岩2.6-3.0119铝镍合金2.7120工业用铝/铸铝合金2.7121云母2.7-3.1122石墨2-2.2123碳化硅3.1124角闪石石棉3.2-3.3125金刚石3.5-3.6126普通刚玉3.85-3.9127白刚玉3.9128金刚砂4129锌铝合金6.3-6.9130灰铸铁7131轧锌7.1132锡7.29133可锻铸铁7.3134锌板7.3135锡基轴承合金7.34-7.75136白口铸铁7.55137硅钢片7.55-7.8138无锡青铜7.5-8.2139铸钢7.8140钢材7.85141碳钢7.85142工业纯铁7.87143合金钢/镍铬钢7.9144不锈钢7.9145高速钢8.3-8.7含钨9%-18%146黄铜8.4-8.85147铸造黄铜8.62148锡青铜8.7-8.9149轧制磷青铜8.8150冷拉青铜8.8151镍铜合金8.8152纯铜8.9紫铜153镍8.9154锡基轴承合金9.33-10.68155硬质合金（钨钴钛）9.5-12.4常用物理常数序号名称符号常数量纲1转动惯量千克平方米kg·m21kg·m22转动惯量盎司平方英寸oz·in21oz·in2=1.8290*10-5kg·m23转动惯量磅平方英寸lb·in21lb·in2=2.92640*10-4kg·m24转动惯量磅平方英尺lb·ft21lb·ft2=0.0421401kg·m256阿伏加德罗常数L,NA(6.022045±0.000031)*1023mol-17标准大气压p00.101325MPa8冰点的绝对温度T0273.15K9玻尔半径a0(5.2917706±0.0000044)*10-11m10玻尔兹曼常数k(1.380662±0.000044)*10-23J/K.mol11纯水三相点的绝对温度T273.16K12磁导率（真空中）μ04π*10-7H/m13地球密度ρ5.517t/m314地球平均半径r6.37*106m15地球与太阳平均距离d1.496*1011m16地球与月球平均距离d3.84*108m17地球质量5.98*1024kg18第二辐射常数c2(1.438786±0.000045)*10-2m.K19第一辐射常数c1(5.67032±0.000020)*10-16W.m220电子半径（经典）re(2.8179380±0.0000070)*10-15m21电子静止质量me9.109534*10-31kg22法拉第常数F(9.648456±0.000027)*104C/mol23光速（真空中）、电磁波速度c0(2.99792458±0.000000012)*108m/s24哈特里能量Eh4.35981*10-18J25基本电荷（电子电量）e(1.6021892±0.0000046)*10-19C26基本电荷（电子电量）e4.803242*10-10esu27介电常数（真空中）ε08.854187818*10-12F/m28精细结构常数α0.0072973506±0.0000000060无量纲29绝对0度-273.15℃30空气密度（标准条件下，干燥）0.001293kg/l，t/m331里德伯常数R∞(1.097373177±0.000000083)*107m-132粒子或原子核的磁矩玻尔磁子μB(9.274078±0.000036)*10-24A.m233粒子或原子核的磁矩核磁子μN(5.050824±0.000020)*10-27A.m234摩尔体积(理想气体0℃，0.101MPa)Vm(0.02241383±0.00000070)m3/mol35普朗克常数h(6.626176±0.000036)*10-34J.s36名称符号常数量纲37热功当量J4.1868J/Cal38声速（在标准条件下空气中）c331.4m/s39水的密度（0℃）13.5951kg/l，t/m340水的密度（4℃）0.999973kg/l，t/m341斯忒藩—玻尔兹曼常数σ(5.67032±0.00071)*10-8W/K4m242通用（普适、摩尔）气体常数R8.31441±0.00026J/(mol.K)43万有引力常量G6.673*10-11N.m2/kg244圆周率π3.141592653645质子的磁旋比γ(2.6751987±0.0000075)*108A.m2/J.s46质子的康普顿波长λcp(1.3214099±0.0000022)*10-15m47质子静止质量mp1.6726485*10-27kg48中子的康普顿波长λcn(1.3195909±0.0000022)*10-15m49中子静止质量mn1.6749543*10-27kg50重力加速度（标准）ga9.80665m/s2弹性模量与热物理性质序号材料名称弹性模量剪切模量泊松比熔点线膨胀系数热导率比热容1材料名称弹性模量剪切模量泊松比熔点线膨胀系数热导率比热容2(×105MPa)(×105MPa)(oC)(×10-6/K)(W/(m·k))(J/(kg·K))3灰口铸铁/白口铸铁1.13-1.570.450.23-0.2712008.5-11.639.24704可锻铸铁1.550.4581.1/纯铁455/纯铁5碳钢2.0-2.10.79-0.810.25-0.281400-150011.3-1349.84656镍铬钢、合金钢2.060.79-0.810.25-0.311.5-14.5154607铸钢1.750.349.84708轧制纯铜1.080.390.31-0.34108317.53983869冷拔纯铜1.270.4-0.48108317.540741810轧制磷青铜1.130.410.32-0.3517.922.2镍青铜410/镍青铜11冷拔黄铜0.90-0.97034-0.370.32-0.42108318.810637712轧制锰青铜1.080.390.3524.8锡青铜343/锡青铜13轧制铝0.690.26-0.270.32-0.36658238/纯铝902/纯铝14铸铝青铜1.030.410.317.95642015硬铝合金0.70.270.323.6162/硅铝871/硅铝16轧制锌0.820.310.2712138817铅0.170.070.423273512618球墨铸铁1.4-1.540.73-0.7619玻璃0.550.2-0.220.254-11.520混凝土0.14-0.230.049-0.1570.1-0.182002-10-1421纵纹木材0.098-0.120.00522横纹木材0.005-0.000.0044-0.006423橡胶7.84e-0050.4724电木0.0196-0.02940.0069-0.02060.35-0.3825尼龙0.02830.01010.426大理石0.5527花岗岩0.4828尼龙10100.010729夹布酚醛塑料0.04-0.08830石棉酚醛塑料0.01331高压聚乙烯0.015-0.02532低压聚乙烯0.0049-0.007833聚丙烯0.0132-0.014234不锈钢法定计量单位序号物理量名称单位名称单位符号导出符号备注1物理量名称单位名称单位符号导出符号备注2（放射性）活度贝可（勒尔）Bqs-13（光）亮度米坎每平方cd/m24（光）照度勒（克斯）lxlm/m25（截面）惯性矩、极惯性矩四次方米m46（线、体）膨胀系数每度1/K7（质量）流量千克每秒kg/s8比焓、比内能焦每千克J/kg9比热容焦每开千克J/K·kg10比容立方米每千克m3/kg11比熵焦每开千克J/K·kg12表面张力牛每米N/m13波长米m14波数每米m-115泊松比无量纲16长度海里nmile1nmile=185