风力机叶片气动设计体系和结构分析Wind Turbine Blade Design System -

WindTurbineBladeDesignSystem–AerodynamicandStructuralAnalysisAThesissubmittedtotheGraduateSchooloftheUniversityofCincinnatiinpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementsforthedegreeofMasterofScienceintheSchoolofDynamicSystemsoftheCollegeofEngineeringandAppliedSciencesbySoumitrDeyB.E.,AnnaUniversityMay,2005CommitteeChair:Dr.Mark.G.TurnerSc.DAbstractTheeverincreasingneedforenergyandthedepletionofnon-renewableenergyresourceshasledtomoreadvancementintheGreenEnergyfield,includingwindenergy.AnimprovementinperformanceofaWindTurbinewillenhanceitseconomicviability,whichcanbeachievedbybetteraerodynamicdesigns.Inthepresentstudy,adesignsystemthathasbeenunderdevelopmentforgasturbineturbomachineryhasbeenmodifiedfordesigningwindturbineblades.Thisisaverydifferentapproachforwindturbinebladedesign,butwillallowittobenefitfromthefeaturesinherentinthegeometryflexibilityandbroaddesignspaceofthepresentedsystem.Itstartswithkeyoveralldesignparametersandalow-fidelitymodelthatisusedtocreatetheinitialgeometryparameters.Thelow-fidelitysystemincludestheaxisymmetricsolverwithlossmodels,T-Axi(Turbomachinery-AXIsymmetric),MISESblade-to-bladesolverand2DwinganalysiscodeXFLR5.ThegeometryparametersareusedtodefinesectionsalongthespanofthebladeandconnectedtotheCADmodelofthewindturbinebladethroughCAPRI(ComputationalAnalysisPRogrammingInterface),aCADneutralAPIthatfacilitatestheuseofparametricgeometrydefinitionwithCAD.EitherthesectionsortheCADgeometryisthenavailableforCFDandFiniteElementAnalysis.TheGE1.5sleMWwindturbineandNERLNASAPhaseVIwindturbinehavebeenusedastestcases.Detailsofthedesignsystemapplicationaredescribed,andtheresultingwindturbinegeometryandconditionsarecomparedtothepublishedresultsoftheGEandNRELwindturbines.A2DwinganalysiscodeXFLR5,isusedfortocompareresultsfrom2Danalysistoblade-to-bladeanalysisandthe3DCFDanalysis.Thiskindofcomparisonconcludesthat,fromhubto25%ofthespanbladetobladeeffectsorthecascadeeffecthastobeconsidered,from25%to75%,thebladeactsasa2dwingandfrom75%tothetip3Dandtipeffectshavetobetakenintoaccountfordesignconsiderations.Inaddition,thebenefitsofthisapproachforwindturbinedesignandfutureeffortsarediscussed.iAcknowledgmentsTheauthorwouldliketothankhisthesisandresearchadvisor,Dr.MarkG.Turner,forhisguidanceandendlesssupplyofideas.IwouldalsoliketothankDr.MilindJogforbeingmygraduateadvisorandamemberofmydefensecommittee.IwouldalsoliketothankDr.UrmilaGhiaandDr.ShaabanA.Abdallahforacceptingtobeonmydefensecommittee.Irealizethatyouhaveabusyschedule,makingthistypeoftimecommitmentverydifficult.TheauthorwouldliketothankNASAforfundingandsupporttheresearchprojectthroughMDAOofTurbomachinerywithEmphasisonComponentOptimization.AdditionalthanksgoestotheresearchteamatAvectecfortheirorganizationoftheMDAOprojectmeetingsandtelecoms.AspecialthankstoKevinParkforhelpingmeoutonnumerousoccasionswithFORTRANcoding.ThankstoRobOgdenforhelpingmetroubleshootmanylicenseandsystemissues.IwouldliketothankKiranSiddapajiandKedarnathSairam(KD)forallthebrainstormingsessionsformyresearch.ThankstoRobertKanapkeforprovidingsupportandhelpinusingFineTurboandASGARD.SpecialthankstoothermembersoftheUCGasTurbineSimulationLaboratoryfortheirhelpandsupport.IwouldliketothankDr.AliMerchantforhissupportontroubleshootingCAPRIissuesandprovidingknowhowfordevelopmentofcodesontopofCAPRIinterface.IwouldalsoliketothanktheNUMECAsupportteam(RoqueLopezandAutumnFjeld)forhelpingmeoutnumeroustimeswithFineTurbotroubleshooting.ThankstomyMOMandDADforalloftheirsupport.iiiContentsAbstractiAcknowledgmentsiiiContentsviListofTablesviiListofFiguresxNomenclaturexiv1Introduction11.1Motivation..........................................21.2Overview..........................................42LiteratureReview52.1HistoricalBackground...................................52.2RecentWork........................................93VelocityTriangles104Axisymmetricsolver-T-Axi155WindTurbineDesignUsingT-Axi216CascadeAnalysisusingMISES296.1IssueswithGeometryDefinition..............................296.2WindTurbineDesignandAnalysisusingMISES.....................30iv7WingAnalysisusingXFLR53983D-CFDAnalysisusingFineTurbo418.1Casesetup..........................................418.2GridGenerationusingAutoGridandWindTurbinemoduleinFine/Turbo........428.2.1QualityCriterionDefinitions............................488.2.2BoundaryConditions................................498.2.3Flowsolver-EURANUS.............................508.3ConvergenceHistory....................................528.4Grid-DependencyStudy..................................538.5Results............................................549FEAstressandModalAnalysis6410Conclusion6810.1Summary..........................................6810.2FutureWork.........................................68References70Appendix74AGeometryDevelopment75A.1ParametricGeometryDevelopmentusingCAPRI.....................75A.2One-dimensionalGridClustering..............................75BDrive_splineCode78B.1CProgram..........................................78CRead_dinCode93C.1FortranProgram......................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