Chapter-5-The-formation-of-English-words-(1)

Chapter5TheFormationofEnglishWords(1)•“I’veneverheardof‘Uglification’,”Aliceventuredtosay.“Whatisit?”•TheGryphonliftedupbothitspawsinsurprise.“Neverheardofuglifying!”itexclaimed.“Youknowwhattobeautifyis,Isupposed?”•“Yes,”saidAlicedoubtfully,“itmeans–tomake–anything–prettier.”•“Well,then,”theGryphonwenton.“ifyoudon’tknowwhattouglifyis,youareasimpleton.”•ugly-ify•uglify-cation•uglification•morphologicalrules•morpheme•thesmallestunitofmeaninginalanguage•anarbitraryunionofasoundandameaningthatcannotbefurtheranalyzed•maybeawordorpartofawordwhichhasmeaning•cannotbedividedintosmallermeaningfulpartswithoutviolationoftheoriginalmeaning•morpheme•asinglesounde.g.a-•asinglesyllablee.g.–ish•twosyllablese.g.water•threeormoresyllablese.g.crocodile•morpheme•freemorphemes:maystandaloneaswordsintheirownrights•boundmorphemes:mayoccuronlyiftheycombinewithatleastanothermorphemeFreevsBound•morpheme•contentmorphemes:expresssomegeneralsortofcontent;carrymeaningopen-classmorphemes•functionmorphemes:tiedtoagrammaticalfuntion,expressingsyntacticrelationshipsbetweenunitsinasentence,orcategoriessuchasnumberortense;signaltherelationsamongwordsclose-classmorphemesContentvsFunctionDerivationalmorphemesInflectionalmorphemesChangethepartofspeechorthebasicmeaningofawordDonotchangethebasicmeaningorpartofspeechNotrequiredbysyntacticrelationsoutsidethewordExpressgrammaticallyrequiredfeaturesOftennotproductiveProductiveOccuroutsidederivationalmorphemesDerivationalvsInflectional•Root:morphemethatiscentralandcontainstheprincipallexicalmeaningAllwordshavearootmorpheme.Arootmaybefreeorbound.•Stem:formedwhenarootmorphemeiscombinedwithanaffix•Affix:morphemethatisattachedtoarootBound!Prefix,suffix(infix,circumfix)Root,stem,affix1.Derivation•Derivationisthemorphologicalprocesswherebyaderivationalmorphemeisattachedtoarootorstem.•Whenaderivationalmorphemeisaddedtoarootorstem,itaddsmeaning.•Thederivedwordmayalsobeofadifferentgrammaticalclassfromtheoriginalword.•Usuallyoneprefixinoneword.•Prefixesmaychangethewordclass.e.g.en-+dangerendanger•Prefixesmaynotchangethewordclass.e.g.dis-+likedislikePrefix•negativeprefixa-,dis-,in-,un-•reversative/privativeprefixde-,dis-•pejorativeprefixmal-,mis-,pseudo-•prefixofdegree/sizehyper-,mini-,sub-,super-Prefix•prefixofattitudeanti-,pro-,counter-•numberprefixbi-,tri-,poly-•conversationprefixa-,be-en-•miscellaneousauto-,neo-,pan-,semi-Suffix•Therecanbeseveralsuffixesinaword.•Suffixesmaychangethewordclass.e.g.usual+-lyusually•Suffixesmaynotchangethewordclass.e.g.green+-ishgreenish•1•uni-–uniform,unicorn,unite,unison,unilateral•mon(o)-–monarch,monologue,monorail,monoxide•2•bi-–bicycle,bilateral,bipolar,bidirectional•di-–dioxide•3•tri-–triangle,tricolor,tricycle,trilogy,triple•4•quadr-,quadri-,quadru-–quadrilateral,quadruped•5•quinqu(e)-–quinquangular•pent(a)-–pentagon,pentathlon•6•sex(i)-–sexangle•7•sept(i)-,septem-–septangle•8•octa-,octo-–octagon,octopus•9•nov(e)-–novena•10•dec(a)-–decathlon,decagon,decade•deci-–decimeter,deciliter,decimal•100•cent(i)-–centimeter,century,centennial,centipede•1000•mill(i)-–millennium,millimeter,millisecond2.Conversion•Conversioninvolvesachangeinthewordclass.•Thewordformremainsthesame.•Onlythegrammaticalcontextenablesustoknowwhichcategoryitbelongsto.•!–Pleasemakemydressfast.–Theysawherduck.–Thepeoplewererelieved.Typesofconversion•Tonouns•Toverbs•Toadjectives•Changeofsecondarywordclass•Others3.Compounding•Compounding:combinationoftwoormorewordstoformanewwords–acompoundwordoracompound.•ClassA+ClassAClassAe.g.news+papernewspaper•ClassA+ClassBClassBe.g.black+boardblackboard•ClassA+prep.ClassAe.g.passer+bypasser-by•prep.+ClassAClassAe.g.on+lookeronlooker•Spelling•spelledwithaspacee.g.washingmachine•spelledwithahyphene.g.pick-me-up•spelledwithnoseparatione.g.wonderland•Falsefriend•heavymetal•honeymoon•eggplant•darkroom•cathouse•streetgirl•shootingstar•highbrow•pickup•forget-me-not•jack-in-a-boxDerivation–Conversion–Compounding•derivation•air(v.)•word-formation•morphology•incorrect•friend(v.)•invite(n.)•correlate•friendship•lionheart•furthermore•propellor•manufacturing•industrialization•upgrade•short-term•northwestern•text(v.)•can-opener•Microsoft•WeChat•Facebook