语用学术语期末资料

Definition1.Broadcontext:anycontextualinformationthatisrelevanttotheworkingoutofwhatthespeakerovertlyintendstomean,andtothesuccessfulandfelicitousperformanceofspeechacts.2.Constancyundernegation:apropertyofpresuppositionwhichdictatesthatapresuppositiongeneratedbytheuseofalexicalitemorasyntacticstructureremainsthesamewhenthesentencecontainingthatlexicalitemorsyntacticstructureisnegated.3.Constative:anutterancethatisemployedtomakeanassertionorastatement.4.Context:anyrelevantfeaturesofthedynamicsettingorenvironmentinwhichalinguisticunitissystematicallyused.5.Conventionalimplicature:anon-truth-conditionalinferencewhichisnotdeductiveinanygeneral,naturalwayfromthesayingofwhatissaid,butarisessolelybecauseoftheconventionalfeaturesattachedtoparticularlexicalitemsand/orlinguisticconstructions.6.Conversationalimplicature:asetofnon-logicalinferenceswhichcontainsconveyedmessageswhicharemeantwithoutbeingpartofwhatissaidinthestrictsense.Itisderivedfromthesayingofwhatissaidviatheco-operativeprincipleanditscomponentmaximsofconversation.7.Co-operativeprinciple:theoverarchingprincipleputforwardbyGriceinhistheoryofconversationalimplicature,whichdeterminesthewayinwhichlanguageisusedmostefficientlyandeffectivelytoachieverationalinteractionincommunication.8.Deixis:thephenomenonwherebyfeaturesofcontextofutteranceorspeecheventareencodedbylexicaland/orgrammaticalmeansinalanguage.9.Directspeechact:aspeechactwhoseillocutionaryforceandsentencetypearedirectlymatched.Inaddition,anexplicitperformative,whichhappenstobeinthedeclarativeform,isalsotakentobeadirectspeechact,becauseithasitsilliocutionaryforceexplicitlynamedbytheperformativeverbinthemainpart(or“matrixclause”)ofthesentence.10.Entailment:asemanticrelationbetweenpropositionsorsentencesexpressingpropositions.11.Explicature:atermusedinrelevancetheorywhichreferstoaninferentialdevelopmentofmoneoftheincompleteconceptualrepresentationsorlogicalformsencodedbyanuttereance.Inotherwords,anexplicaturefunctionstofleshoutthelinguisticallygivenincompletelogicalformofthesentenceuttered,yieldingfullypropositionalcontent.12.Face:thepublicself-imagethateverymemberofasocietyclaimsforhimorherself.13.Illocutionaryact:anactoractionintendedtobeperformedbyaspeakerinutteringalinguisticexpression,byvirtueoftheconventionalforceassociatedwithit,eitherexplicitlyorimplicitly.14.Indirectspeechact:aspeechactwhoseillocutionaryforceandsentencetypearenotdirectlymatched.15.Locutionaryact:anactofproducingmeaningfullinguisticexpression.16.Maximsofconversation:thetermusedbyGricefortheninesubprinciplesofhisco-operativeprincipleclassifiedintofourcatagories:Quality,Quantity,Relation,andManner.Theco-operativeprincipleanditsassociatemaximsofconversationenjointhespeakertomakeawell-founded,appropriatelyinformative,andrelevantcontributiontocommunicationinaperspicuousmanner.1.Whatarelocutionary,illocutionary,andperlocutionaryacts?Illustratewithatleastanexample.Threefacetsofaspeechact:1)Locutionaryact:theproductionofameaningfullinguisticexpression.(1’)Illocutionaryact:theactionintendedtobeperformedbyaspeakerinutteringa2)linguisticexpression,byvirtueoftheconventionalforceassociatedwithit,eitherexplicitlyorimplicitly.(1’)3)Perlocutionaryact:thebringingaboutofconsequencesoreffectsontheaudiencethroughtheutteringofalinguisticexpression,suchconsequencesoreffectsbeingspecialtothecircumstancesoftheutterance.(1’)Forexample,onemayutter“Thegunisloaded”withthelocutionaryactofsayingthatsentence,theillocutionaryactofwarningorexplanation,andtheperlocutionaryactmightbethatthehearerisscaredtokneeldown,orfightback,etc.(2’)2.Considertheuseofherein(i)-(iv).Whatisthefunctionofhere?Whatarethedifferences?(i)I’moverhere!(shoutedtocompanionthroughthewoods)(ii)Oh,it’sjustbeautifulhere!(withsweepingarmgesturetocountryside)(iii)Doctor,ithurtshere.(withhandonabdomen)(iv)Theyliveoverhere,butwelivehere.(pointingtoasmallmap)•Theseheresarecalleddemonstrativesandtheyaredeicticadverbsofspace.(1’)•(i)Theregionreferredtoisrestrictedtothespeaker’splaceandexcludesthatoftheaddressee.(1’)•(ii)Theregionreferredtoisofbroadextentandincludesboththespeakerandtheaddressee(s).(1’)•(iii)Theplacereferredtoisasmallsegmentofthebodyofthespeaker.(1’)•(iv)Theregionreferredtoisadeferredplaceusingamapinthecommonperceptualfieldoftheinterlocutors.(1’)•3.Whenwillpresuppositionsbecanceled?•Likeconversationalimplicatures,butunlikesemanticentailments,presuppositionsarecancelable.(1’)•Theyarenullifiediftheyareinconsistentwith:•(i)backgroundassumptions,•(ii)conversationalimplicatures,and•(iii)certaindiscoursecontext.Furthermore,theycanalsodropoutincertaincontexts,someofwhichgiverisetotheprojectionproblemofpresupposition.(3’)•Defeasibilityhasingeneralbeentakenasthesecondmostimportantpropertyofpresupposition.(1’)•4.Whatarethethreemaintypesofcognitiveeffectstowhichtheprocessingofnewinformationinacontextmaygiverise?Illustratethemwithaproperexample,please.•(i)generatingaconclusionderivablefromnewandoldinformationtogether,butfromneithernewnoroldinformationseparately,whichiscalledacontextualimplicati