毕业设计---单片机温度控制系统

单片机温度控制系统摘要本次设计对单片机在温度控制系统中的基本理论和应用技术作了较为全面的介绍。主要目的是用单片机设计一个温度控制器，通过运用PID控制算法，使得温度保持在600度这一恒定温度值上。该控制器具有本机给定和上位机给定的功能。在生产过程自动的发展历程中，PID控制是历史最久、生命力最强的基本控制方式。PID控制是比例积分微分控制的简称。由于模拟PID调节器控制温度的精确模型难以建立，系统的参数又经常发生变化，运用现代控制理论分析综合要耗费很大代价进行模拟辨识，而且不能得到预期的效果，所以本次设计采用PID调节器，由于软件系统的灵活性，PID算法可以得到修正而更加完善。根据不同的测温范围选出合适的温度传感器，单片机把测到的温度进行处理（通过内置PID控制或与上位机通讯，由上位机实现PID控制）后保持恒温输出，来控制执行机构。单片机输出的是数字量，需要经过D/A转换变为模拟量后，才能去控制执行机构。关键词PID控制器；传感器；8052温度控制AbstractThisdesigncomprehensivelyintroducedthebasictheoriesandapplicationtechnologyoftheMCU(MicroControllerUnit)inthecontrolsystemsoftemperaturethistime.ThemainpurposetodesignonetemperaturecontrollerwithMCU,throughusePIDcontrolalgorithms,maketemperaturekeeponthisinvariabletemperaturevalueof600degrees.Thecontrollerhasthefunctionofgivenbyownmachineandtopmachine.Inthedevelopmentofautomaticproductionprocess,PIDcontrolhasthelongesthistory,strongestvitalitywhichisthebasiccontrolmethod.Itisanabbreviationoftheproportion,integralandderivative.ItisdifficulttobuildaccuratemodelofanalogyPIDregulatortocontroltemperature,thesystematicparameteroftenchanges,usingthemoderncontroltheorytoanalyzeandsynthesizethatshouldconsumeverylargecosttoanalogyidentification,andcan'tgettheanticipatedresult,sothedesignadoptPIDregulator,becauseoftheflexibilityofthesoftwaresystem,PIDalgorithmcanberevisedmoreperfect.Toelectthesuitabletemperaturesensoraccordingtodifferentexaminingthewarmrange,becausetheoutputofthetemperaturesensorisananalogquantityofchanging,therefore,needtochangeA/Dfirst,transformitintodigitalquantitytosendintothecomputer.AftertheMCUgetstheexaminingtemperatureanddealtit(controlorcommunicatewithtopmachinethroughbuilt-inPID,thetopmachinerealizePIDcontrol)andthenkeepconstanttemperatureexportedtocontrolexecutivebody.WhattheMCUoutputtedisdigitalquantity,needstochangeintoanalogquantity,tocontroltheexecutivebody.KeywordsPIDcontroller；A/Dconverter；8051temperaturecontrol目录摘要·······································································································IAbstract·································································································II第1章绪论···························································································11.1选题背景及目的·············································································11.2发展状况······················································································21.3各章节主要内容·············································································3第2章系统方案的提出与论证···································································42.1传感器的选择················································································42.2驱动部分······················································································52.3PID的算法···················································································52.4PID的控制···················································································52.4.1开环控制系统········································································52.4.2闭环控制系统········································································62.4.3阶跃响应··············································································62.5PID控制的原理和特点····································································62.6PID控制器的参数整定····································································7第3章系统的硬件设计············································································93.1总体方案······················································································93.2主控制器与采集电路通讯·································································93.3温度控制·····················································································123.3.1D/A转换··············································································123.3.2继电器工作原理····································································143.3.3温度控制电路原理·································································153.4键盘显示接口···············································································173.5报警部分·····················································································18第4章软件设计····················································································204.1数字滤波子程序············································································204.2PID计算程序················································································21结论·····································································································25致谢·····································································································26参考文献·······························································································27附录A··································································································28附录B··································································································29附录C·································································