F.Scott-Fitzgerald-菲茨杰拉德

AMERICANMODERNISM（美国现代主义）1918-1945Ⅰ.CausesoftheModernistTemper•WWI•Urbanization&Immigration:multi-ethnicity&multiculturalism•TechnologicalEvolution&expansion:materialism&consumerism•GrowthofModernScience•Passageof19thAmendment(1920):femalerighttovote•InfluenceofAustrianSigmundFreud(1856-1939)•InfluenceofGermanKarlMarx(1818-1883)•FriedrichNietzsche（尼采）:“Godisdead”→declineofreligiousbelief•1918BolshevikRevolutioninRussia•Southernmigrationtoeasterncities:HarlemRenaissance（哈莱姆文艺复兴）•Stock-marketcrash(1929)&theDepressionofthe1930s•TheJazzAgeⅠ.ShiftsintheModernNation•Fromcountrytocity•Fromfarmtofactory•Fromnativeborntonewcitizen•Fromoutside/realitytoinside/psychology•Introductionto“mass”culture(popculture)•Continualmovement•Splitbetweenscienceandtheliterarytradition(“sciencevs.letters”)Ⅰ.KeyDescriptors•decentered•pessimistic•disaffected•a“literatureincrisis”•loss&despair•violence&alienation•racerelations•historicaldiscontinuity•decadence&decay•rejectionofhistory•unavoidablechange•Reactagainstmanipulativecommercialism/consumerism1).Modernismisaculturalmovementthatgenerallyincludestheprogressiveartofarchitecture,design,literature,music,dance,paintingandothervisualartswhichemergedinthebeginningofthe20thcentury,particularlyintheyearsfollowingWorldWarI.Itwasamovementofartistsanddesignerswhorebelledagainstlate19thcenturyacademicandhistorictradition,andembracedtheneweconomic,socialandpoliticalaspectsoftheemergingmodernworld.Ⅱ.ModernismⅡ.Modernism2).Themovementsthatfollowed--includingImpressionism,Post-Impressionism,Cubism,Futurism,Expressionism,Constructivism,DeStijl(荷兰风格派),andAbstractExpressionismaregenerallydefinedasModernism.3)Modernisminliteratureisnoteasilysummarized,butthekeyelementsareexperimentation,anti-realism,individualismandastressonthecerebralratherthanemotiveaspects.Ⅱ.★ModernismⅡ.★Modernism4).TheworkofModernistwritersischaracterizedbyshowingthedisenchantment,dislocation,andalienationofmenintheworld,andbytheemphasisonexperimentationandformalismandobjectivismwhichare,inmostcases,areactiontothecataclysmknownastheModernAge.Ⅱ.★Modernism5)AmongAmericanwriters,thebest-knownModernistsareT.S.Eliot,EzraPound,F.ScottFitzgerald,ErnestHemingway,WilliamFaulknerandsoon.★Modernism:Techniques“makingitnew”—radicaluseofakindofformlessnessCollapsedplotsFragmentarytechniquesShiftsinperspective,voice,andtoneStream-of-consciousnesspointofviewAssociativetechniques★.ThedifferencesbetweenrealismandmodernismRealismModernismFunctionofLiteratureEducatePeopleandCriticizeSocialEvilsExpressionofSelfSubjectPublic,ExteriorWorldPrivate,InteriorWorldConceptionofTime&SpaceClockTime,GeographicspacePsychologicalTime&SpaceFormsandTechniquesHero,PlotAnti-hero,Anti-plotToneOptimisticPessimisticThe1920sIntroduction•The1920sisafloweringperiodofAmericanliterature.Itisconsidered“thesecondrenaissance”ofAmericanliterature.•Thenicknamesforthisperiod:•Roaring20s–comfort•DollarDecade–rich•JazzAge–JazzmusicTheJazzAge（爵士乐时代）•Inthe1920s,Americabecameabsorbedinmakingmoney.Thewholesocietyfranticallypursuedindividualsuccessandpersonalenjoyment.•F.ScottFitzgeraldwasamostrepresentativenovelistofthe1920s.Hewasbothaleadingparticipantinthetypicallyfrivolous（轻浮的）,carefree,moneymakinglifeofthedecadeand,atthesametime,adetachedobserverofit.TheJazzAge•Itwasanageofmiracles,itwasanageofart,itwasanageofexcess,anditwasanageofsatire.----F.ScottFitzgerald•Theterm“theJazzAge”isputforwardbyF.ScottFitzgeraldinhisessay“EchoesoftheJazzAge”in1931.TheJazzAge•Literaryhistoriansalsoreferitto“theroaringtwenties”,whichwasadecadeof“roaring”excitement,“roaring”confusionand“roaring”changes.Itwasmarkedbypoliticalignoranceandwildpursuitofmaterialwealth.•Itlastedfrom1919to1929.Thejazzmusicasthesymbolofyouthrebellion.TheyounglistenedtoJazzmusic,showingtheirbreakingawayfromtraditions.Whatdoestheagelooklike？•1.Yongmenandwomeninthe1920shadasenseofrecklessconfidenceaboutmoneyandlife.Theywerelackinginresponsibilityandfeltexcusedfromseekingthecommongood.•2.Theycouldplungethemselvesintopersonaladventuresandengagethemselvesincasualsexandheavydrinking.Theyspentmoneyextravagantly.Allthattheykeptinmindwastoseekfun.Theycouldthrowthemselvesatparties,singinganddancingtillearlyinthemorning.•3.Butbeneaththeirmasksofrelaxation,therewasonlysterilityandmeaninglessness,infacttheagewasaneraofdecayedsocialandmoralvaluesandemptypursuitofpleasure.19TheJazzSinger20Women’sChangingRolesTwoflappersdancingtheCharlestonontheroofofChicago’sShermanHotel(1926).★Lostgeneration•GroupofexpatriateAmericanwritersresidingprimarilyinParisduringthe1920sand1930s.Thegroupneverformedacohesiveliterarymovement,butitconsistedofmanyinfluentialAmericanwriters,includingErnestHemingway,F.ScottFitzgerald,WilliamCarlosWilliams,ThorntonWilder,ArchibaldMacleish,andHartcrane.ThegroupwasgivenitsnamebytheAmericanwriterGertrudeStein,who,inaconversationwithHemingway,usedanexpression“alostgeneration”,torefertoexpatriateAmericansbitterabouttheirworldwarI(1914-1918)experiencesanddisillusionedwithAmericansociety.Hemingwaylaterusedthephraseasanepigraphfo