高考英语不定式专项语法讲解高三英语课件

不定式由“to+动词原形”构成,其否定形式是“nottodo”,不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。不定式可以作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语，但不能单独作谓语。不定式一般式完成式进行式主动语态被动语态todotobedonetohavedonetohavebeendonetobedoingtobebeingdoing一.解释(1)不定式的一般形式所表示的动作，通常与谓语的动作（状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或是在它之后发生。(2)如果谓语表示的动作（情况）发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，这时不定式就要用进行式。(3)如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，就要用完成式。Theypretendedtobestudyingwhentheteachercamein.I`msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.Iwanttohaveaholidayassoonaspossible.不定式的语态（1）不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式动作的承受者，不定式用被动语态Heaskedtobesenttoworkincountryside.Haveyougotakeytounlockthedoor?keyunlockthedoor你有开门的钥匙吗？（2）不定式所修饰的名词与不定式在逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式用主动语态。Thebookisdifficulttounderstand.Heishardtotalkto.（4）不定式所修饰的名词与不定式在逻辑上构成动宾关系时，不定式用主动语态。Ihavegotalettertowrite.Ineedaroomtolivein.(3)不定式在以下形容词后:easy,difficult,hard,heavy,light,cheap,expensive,good,nice,safe,dangerous,important,interesting,pleasant,(im)possible,fun等。这时常用主动形式表被动意思不定式的语法功能（1）作主语Totalkwithhimisagreatpleasure.一般情况下，不定式（短语）作主语时，通常用形式主语“it”代替（2）作宾语WouldyouliketowatchTV?Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithhim.不定式作宾语的形容词常见的有：ready,eager,sure,glad,anxious,sorry,afraid,free,pleased,willing…★此外还要注意一些特殊疑问词+不定式的形式（如：whattodo,wheretogo），作tell,ask,know,show等动词的宾语。不定式作宾语的动词常见的有：want,hope,wish,ask,choose,decide,manage,offer,promise,refuse,seek,pretend,learn,afford,need…Idon’tknowwhattodo.如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：MarxfounditimportanttostudythesituationinRussia.能带形式宾语的动词还有think,believe,feel,consider,make等。（3）作表语（表将来时）Myplanistofinishtheexperimentontime.（4）作宾补Iaskedhimtocometomyoffice.注意不定式的省略①hear,see,watch,notice等感官动词后的省略Iheardhersingthissong.②have,let,make三个使役动词后的省略Imadehimstandoutside.这两类省略的不定式一旦变成被动语态，不定式要补充完整.Shewasheardto...Hewasmadeto...②不定式动词在介词but,except,besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to,否则要带to。1)Shecoulddonothingbutcry.2)Ihavenochoicebuttogo.在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather,wouldrather…than,wouldsooner,cannotbut,cannothelpbut等结构后直接跟动词原形或“not+动词原形”。e.g.:You’dbetterlistentoyourteacher’sopinion.Hecannotbutmovetoanotherstreet.Wecannothelpbutadmirehiscourage.Healwayspreferstorideabicycleratherthanrideonacrowdedbus.动词不定式作宾补省略to口诀不定式省to十一个，五“看”二“听”一“感觉”，三个“使役”紧挨着，如若主动变被动，符号to千万别省略。（5）作定语动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。Ihaveameetingtoattend.注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：Hefoundagoodhousetolivein.Thechildhasnothingtoworryabout.Doyouhaveapentowritewith?（6）作状语①目的状语Wedoasmuchaswecantomakeourworldbeautiful.注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：wrong：Tosavemoney,everymeanshasbeentried.right：Tosavemoney,hehastriedeverymeans.wrong：TolearnEnglishwell,adictionaryisneeded.right：TolearnEnglishwell,heneedsadictionary.②结果状语Hehurriedtotheschooltofindnobodythere.③原因状语Wewereveryexcitedtohearthenews.④作独立成分插入语,用来说明说话人的态度,对整个句子进行解释.Totellyouthetruth,Idon'tlikethewayhetalked.动词不定式做状语应注意：1.Inorderto和soasto…意义上没区别，但soasto…不能置于句首2.adj/adv+enough（forsb）to…3.too+adj/adv+to…有肯定与否定Thechildistooyoungtodresshimself.否定Sheistooanxious(ready/easy/eager/glad)toknowtheresults.肯定不定式中作结果状语的注意点：1）某些形容词在“too…to…”结构中表示肯定，这类词是：anxious,eager,glad,ready,surprised,willing…Shewastoosurprisedtoseehowangryherfatherwas.2）在not,never,only,all,but等后的too…to…结构中，too的含义为very，不定式没有否定含义。I’monlytoogladtostayathome.It’snevertoooldtolearn.不定式的省略当不定式在某些词后充当成分时，常可省略动词原形，但要保留不定式的符号“to”（1）形容词后不定式的省略，如：happy,glad,eager,anxious,ready…---Wouldyoumindlookingaftermycat?---Notatall.Iamhappyto.（2）动词后不定式的省略，如：like,love,care,wish,hope,want,expect,prefer,mean,try,oblige,advise,persuade…---Willyougotothecinemawithus?---Sorry,Idon’twantto.（3）宾语补足语中的省略，如：ask,tell,order,persuade,advise,permit,allow…Theboywantstoridehisbikeinthestreet,buthismothertellshimnotto.（4）在某些固定用法中的省略，如：oughtto,haveto,usedto,beableto，begoingto---Alice,whydidn’tyoucomeyesterday?---Iwasgoingto,butIhadanunexpectedvisitor.*Itis/was+adj.+ofsb.todo…eg:Itisbraveofhimtosavethegirlinthewater.例如：kind,nice,good,brave,clever,wise,stupid,foolish,honest,careless,cruel,generousetc.*Itis+adj.+forsb.(用宾格)+todo…eg.1:ItisnotdifficultforustolearnEnglishwell.例如：difficult,wonderful,meaningful,painful,useful不定式的逻辑主语：of（品质）/for（性质）sb.todo注意*1、动词不定式作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。例如1.Togettherebycartakesawholeday.2.Tomakeaplanforourfutureisimportant.3.It’sstillaquestionhowtogetenoughmoney.3.某些及物动词：forget,meanremember,regret,try,goon,等可用-ing也可用动词不定式作宾语，但表达的意思不同Iforgettobringmyhomework.Iforgetopeningthewindows.Imean“Ididn’tbringmyhomework.”Imean“Ihaveopenedthewindows.”5.及物动词want,need,require等，当其主语是“物”时，表示“需要”，常用动词不定式的被动式作宾语。(=want,need,require+doing)Yourbedroomneedstobecleaned.=Yourbedroomneedscleaning.6.wish,hope,plan,be,mean+tohavedone/hadwished….+todo表示原打算干却没能办到1.IhadmeanttogotoShanghaiyesterday,butwasdelayedbythebadweather.2.---Whydidn’tyoucometomybirthdayparty?---I’dliketohave,butIhadanunexpectedguest.1.Weweresurprisedtohearthenews.2.Wehavetogetupearlytocatchthefirsttrain.3.Toseeistobelieve.4.Ihavealotofwordstosay.5.It’simpossibleforhimtogoalone.6.Shepromisedtomakenomistakesatall.7.Ifinditdifficulttounderstandhim.Exercises:1.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier________itmoredifficult.(MET99)A.notmakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.donotmake2.I