2019年12月四级真题第一套

PartIIISectionAWhentravellingoverseas,doyoubuywaterinplasticbottlesortakeyourchanceswithtapwater?ImagineyouarewanderingaboutonaThaiislandoradmiring赞赏的/仰慕的theruinsofAngkor.It’shotsoyougrababottleofwaterfromalocalvendor.It’sthesafethingtodo,right?Thebottleissealed封住,andthelabelsays“purewater”.Butmaybewhat’sinsideisnotsonatural天性的/自然的.Wouldyoustillbedrinkingitifyouknewthatmorethan90percentofallbottledwatersoldaroundtheworldcontains含microplastics?出国旅游时，你是买塑料瓶装的水，还是用自来水冒险？想象一下，你在泰国的一个岛屿上漫步，或者在欣赏吴哥的废墟。天气很热，所以你从当地小贩那里买了一瓶水。这是最安全的做法，对吧？瓶子是密封的，标签上写着“纯净水”。但也许里面的东西不是那么自然。如果你知道全世界销售的瓶装水中90%以上含有微塑料，你还会喝吗？That’stheconclusionofarecentlyreleased放行、发布study,whichanalysed259bottlesfrom11brandssoldinninecountries,revealing揭示anaverageof325plasticparticlesperlitreofwater.Thesemicroplasticsincludedasubstance材料/实质commonlyknownasPETandwidelyusedinthemanufactureofclothingandfoodandliquid液态containers.ThestudywasconductedattheStateUniversityofNewYorkonbehalfofOrbMedia,ajournalismorganisation.Aboutamillionbottlesareboughteveryminute,notonlybythirstytouristsbutalsobymanyofthe2.1billionworldwidewholivewithunsafedrinkingwater.这是最近发布的一项研究的结论，该研究分析了9个国家销售的11个品牌的259个瓶子，揭示平均每升水含有325个塑料颗粒。这些微塑料包括一种通常称为PET的物质，广泛用于服装、食品和液体容器的制造。这项研究是由纽约州立大学代表新闻机构ORBMedia进行的。每分钟大约有100万瓶被购买，不仅是口渴的游客，全世界21亿生活在不安全饮用水中的人中的许多人也购买了。Confrontedwiththisevidence根据/证明,severalbottled-watermanufacturersincludingNestleandCoca-Colaundertooktheirownstudiesusingthesamemethodology.Thesestudiesshowedthattheirwaterdidcontainmicroplastics,butfarlessthantheOrbstudysuggested.Regardless,theWorldHealthOrganisationhaslaunchedareviewintothepotential潜在healthrisksofdrinkingwaterfromplasticbottles.面对这一证据，包括雀巢和可口可乐在内的几家瓶装水制造商使用相同的方法进行了自己的研究。这些研究表明，他们的水中确实含有微塑料，但远远低于ORB的研究建议。无论如何，世界卫生组织已经启动了一项关于饮用塑料瓶水的潜在健康风险的审查。SectionBThequietheroismofmaildelivery邮件递送的默默英雄主义[A]OnWednesday,apolarwindbroughtbittercoldtotheMidwest.Overnight,Chicagoreachedalowof21degreesFahrenheitbelowzero,makingitslightlycolderthanAntarctica(IIk),Alaska,andtheNorthPole.Windchillswere64degreesbelowzeroinParkRapids,Minnesotaand45degreesbelowzeroinBuffalo,NorthDakota,accordingtotheNationalWeatherService.Schools,restaurants,andbusinessesclosed,andmorethan1,000flightswerecanceled.周三，一股极地风给中西部带来了严寒。当晚，芝加哥的气温降至零下21华氏度，比南极洲、阿拉斯加和北极略冷。根据美国国家气象局(NationalWeatherService)的数据，明尼苏达州帕克拉皮兹的风寒为零下64度，北达科他州布法罗的风寒为零下45度。学校、餐馆和企业关闭，1000多个航班被取消。[B]EventheUnitedStatesPostalService(USPS)suspendedmaildelivery.“DuetothisarcticoutbreakandconcernsforthesafetyofUSPSemployees,”USPSannouncedWednesdaymorning,“thePostalServiceissuspendingdeliveryJan.30insome3-digitZIPCodelocations.”TwelveregionswerelistedasunsafeonWednesday,onThursday,eightremained.即使是美国邮政服务公司(USPS)也暂停了邮件递送。“由于这次北极疫情的爆发和对USPS员工安全的担忧，”USPS周三上午宣布，“邮政服务将于1月30日暂停在一些3位数的邮政编码地点的投递。”周三，12个地区被列为不安全地区，周四，仍有8个地区被列为不安全地区。[C]Asglobalsurfacetemperaturesincrease,sodoesthelikelihoodofextremeweather.In2018alone,wildfires,volcaniceruptions,hurricanes,mudslides,andothernaturaldisasterscostatleast$49billionintheUnitedStates.AsmycolleagueVannNewkirkreported,PuertoRicoisstillconfrontingeconomicandstructuraldestructionandresourcescarcityfrom2017’sHurricaneMaria.Naturaldisasterscanwreckacommunity’sinfrastructure,disruptingsystemsformonthsoryears.Someservices,however,remindusthatlifewilleventuallyreturn,insomeform,tonormal.[C]随着全球表面温度的升高，极端天气的可能性也在增加。仅在2018年，美国的野火、火山喷发、飓风、泥石流和其他自然灾害就造成了至少490亿美元的损失。正如我的同事范·纽柯克(VannNewkirk)报道的那样，波多黎各仍在面临2017年飓风玛丽亚(Maria)造成的经济和结构破坏以及资源稀缺。自然灾害可以破坏社区的基础设施，扰乱系统数月或数年。然而，一些服务提醒我们，生活最终会以某种形式回归正常。[D]Daysafterthedeadly2017wildfiresinSantaRosa,California,adronecaughtfootageofaUSPSworker,TrevorSmith,drivingthroughburnedhomesinthatfamiliarwhitevan,collectingmailinanaffectedarea.Thevideoisstriking:Theoperationisfamiliar,butthescenelooksliketheendoftheworld.AccordingtoRaeAnnHaight,theprogrammanagerforthenational-preparednessofficeatUSPS,Smithwasfulfillingarequestmadebysomeofthehomeownerstopickupanymailthatwasleftuntouched.ForSmith,thiswasjustanotherdayonthejob.“IfollowedmyroutelikeInormallydo,”Smithtoldareporter.“AsIcameacrossaboxthatwasupbutwithnohouse,Ichecked,andtherewasmail—outgoingmail—init.Andsowepickedthoseupandcarriedon”.[D]2017年加州圣罗莎发生致命野火几天后，一架无人机捕捉到了美国邮政总局工作人员特雷弗·史密斯(TrevorSmith)驾驶那辆熟悉的白色面包车穿过烧毁的房屋，在受影响地区收集邮件的画面。这段视频令人震惊：操作很熟悉，但场景看起来像是世界末日。据美国邮政总局国家准备办公室的项目经理雷·安·海特(RaeAnnHaight)说，史密斯正在履行一些房主提出的要求，要求取走任何原封不动的邮件。对史密斯来说，这只是工作中的又一天。“我像往常一样沿着我的路线走，”史密斯告诉一名记者。“当我遇到的时候。我检查了一个竖起但没有房子的箱子，里面有邮件--外发邮件。所以我们把它们捡起来，继续下去。[E]USPShassophisticatedemergencyplansfornaturaldisasters.Acrossthecountry,285emergency-managementteamsaredevotedtocrisiscontrol.TheseteamsaretrainedannuallyusingaframeworkknownasthethreePs:people,property,product.Aftermailservicestopsduetoweather,theagency’stoppriorityisensuringthatemployeesaresafe.Thenitevaluatesthehealthofinfrastructure,suchastheroadsthatmailcarriersdriveon.Finally,itdecideswhenandhowtore-openoperations.Ifthedestructionisextreme,mailaddressedtotheareawillgetsentelsewhere.InresponsetoHurricaneKatrinain2005,USPSredirectedincomingNewOrleansmailtoexistingmailfacilitiesinHous