宗教与美国市民社会

24:,,,125163016483251643516496182613817867“”“”“”“”27131028112916173018,,,,,1917771112017823·21··221790817,31”2317969172417981011·251811828263216202917913031323334331787353818203934,,40,,,,,,,413520020704236,7080(),,,,43,,,:,,,,1930,,:44,,,:,,,,45374647384922504051521920531950-605455565739585920582%72%43%74%62%6056%45%43%40%12%6140150200199860%33%18%93%80%”10621999417120011020008390415572427580%5560%5060%3035%74757650.9%8.0100%19.926.61.6752.44.2916.30.9632.02.4112.30.6324.31.587.10.1214.00.311.51%27%1652%32%2.81.671204.292.413.774334.8%12.6%13.%25.8%29.8%22.8%60.013.211.524.629.622.030.415.616.627.933.824.97835.217.216.533.737.728.032.521.718.334.636.330.81.2.60.0%32.5%3.79808157%82834484198919911993199577%76%78%71%55%55%54%49%57%59%58%53%52%52%50%47%$278$265$242$257$255$190$189$2081199319952025%257%3199520%$257$2081995851995$20,000$20-39,999$40-74,999$75-99,999$100,000$70$160$350$700$1490$25$140$275$690$1150280%114%127%101%130%280%130%868745889118946200479091“”92/931AlexisdeTocqueville,DemocracyinAmerican,ed.J.P.Maier,trans.GeorgeLawrence(GardenCity,N.Y.:AnchorBooks,1969),pp.513,517.4827020013SydneyE.Ahlstrom,AReligiousHistoryoftheAmericanPeople(NewHavenandLondon:YaleUniversityPress,1972),p.155.4SydneyE.Ahlstrom,AReligiousHistoryoftheAmericanPeople,pp.96-97.5SydneyE.Ahlstrom,AReligiousHistoryoftheAmericanPeople,p.168.6p.334.7EdwinScottGaustad,AReligiousHistoryofAmerica(HarperSanFrancisco,1990),p.119.8AlexisdeTocqueville,DemocracyinAmerica(UniversityofChicagoPress,2000),Volume,p.6.9AlexisdeTocqueville,DemocracyinAmerica(1969),p.292.10SydneyE.Ahlstrom,AReligiousHistoryoftheAmericanPeople,pp.136-37.11EdwinScottGaustad,AReligiousHistoryofAmerican,p.122.12JohnNoonanJr.,TheLustreofourCountry:TheAmericanExperienceofReligiousFreedom(UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1998),pp.80-82.13,p.100.14CantwellV.Connecticut,15EversonV.BoardofEducation,1617SanfordCobb,TheRiseofReligiousLibertyinAmerica:AHistory(NewYork:MacMillan,1902),p.2.1819907719::1994130-3120PeterLillback,Freedom’sHolyLight(ProvidenceForum,2001).2122PeterLillback,Freedom’sHolyLight.23PeterLillback,Freedom’sHolyLight.24GeorgeWashington,FarewellAddress,(Princeton:PrincetonUniversityPress),p.384.26.27KennethD.Wald,“ReligionandPoliticsintheUnitedStates”,inU.S.Society&Values,U.S.I.A.March1997.28.29SydneyE.Ahlstrom,AReligiousHistoryoftheAmericanPeople,pp.136-37.302000143311997416321997392333420022352002636AlexisdeTocqueville,DemocracyinAmerica(2000),VolumeI,p.305.37p.308.38E.J.DionneJr.andJohnJ.DilulioJr.,What’sGodGottodowiththeAmericanExperiment?inBrookingsReview,Spring1999,p.7.395940R.D.Putnam,MakingDemocracyWork:CivicTraditionsinModernItaly(PrincetonUniversityPress,1993),p.171.41R.W.Wilson,“AmericanPoliticalCultureinComparativePerspective”,PoliticalPsychology,vol.18,No.2,1997,pp.492,493.42JohnDuello,“BrotherlyLove”WallStreetJournal,March17,2000.43RG:,199225625744:199134045JohnWinthrop,“AModelofChristianCharity”,inHeimert,Alan,andAndrewDelbanco,eds.ThePuritansinAmerica:ANarrativeAnthology(Cambridge:HarvardUniversityPress,1985),p.90.46RobertD.Putnam,Makingdemocracywork:CivictraditionsinmodernItaly(PrincetonUniversityPress,1993)pp.152-6247SaraTerry,“ResurrectingHope”,TheBostonGlobeMagazine(July17,1994),p.22.48149RobertD.Putnam,BowlingAlone:TheCollapseandRevivalofAmericanCommunity(Simon&Schuster,492000),p.66.50Putnam’sanalysisof1996NationalElectionStudy.51Putnam’sanalysisofaScripps-Howard/OhioUniversitynationalsurveyofinterpersonalcommunication,June1997.52Cnaan,BoddieandYancey,“BowlingAloneButServingtogether”,inSmidt,ed.,ReligionasSocialCapital:ProducingtheCommonGood(BaylorUniversity,2003),p.23.53FredrickC.Harris,SomethingWithin:ReligioninAfricanAmericanPoliticalActivism(NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,1999),esp.59,63-64:C.EricLincolnandLawrenceH.Mamiya,TheBlackChurchintheAfricanAmericanExperience(Durham,N.C.:DukeUniversityPress,1990);MaryPattillo-McCoy,“ChurchCultureasaStrategyofActionintheBlackCommunity.”AmericanSociologicalReview63(December1998):767-784.ThegreaterreligiosityofAfricanAmericansisconfirmedbytheGeneralSocialSurvey,NationalElectionStudy,RoperSocialandPoliticalTrendssurveys,andDDBNeedhamLifeStylearchives,aswellasVerba,Schlozman,andBrady,VoiceandEquality.54AldonD.Morris,TheOriginsoftheCivilRightsMovement:BlackCommunitiesOrganizingforChange(NewYork:FreePress,1984),quotationat4.SeealsoMcAdam,FreedomSummer,andDougMcAdam,PoliticalProcessandtheDevelopmentofBlackInsurgency1930-1970(Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,1982).55C.EricLincoln,“TheBlackChurchandBlackSelf-Determination”(paperpresentedattheannualmeetingoftheAssociationofBlackFoundationExecutives,KansasCity,Missouri,April1989).56Joseph,M.V.1987.thereligiousandspiritualaspectsofclinicalpractice:aneglecteddimensionofsocialwork.SocialThought13(1):17.57Cnaan,BoddieandYancey,“BowlingAloneButServingtogether”,inSmidt,ed.,ReligionasSocialCapita